Neurology

Neurology focuses on disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system.

• ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease) — motor neuron degeneration, riluzole, edaravone
• Alzheimer's Disease — amyloid plaques, tau tangles, cholinesterase inhibitors
• Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis — autoimmune limbic encephalitis, faciobrachial dystonic seizures, LGI1 antibody, immunotherapy response
• Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis — psychiatric onset, NMDA receptor antibodies, ovarian teratoma association, immunotherapy
• Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) — dystrophin gene mutation, milder than Duchenne, calf hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy risk
• Bell's Palsy — sudden one-sided facial weakness, the forehead test vs stroke, 72-hour steroid window, eye protection
• CADASIL — hereditary NOTCH3 small vessel disease, EGF-like domain cysteine mutations, anterior temporal pole + external capsule white matter lesions, early-onset subcortical strokes + migraine with aura + vascular dementia, genetic testing + family counseling
• Cerebellar Ataxia — gait unsteadiness, coordination loss, hereditary vs acquired causes, spinocerebellar ataxias
• Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) — dural sinus thrombosis, headache + papilledema + seizure triad, anticoagulation treatment
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) — hereditary peripheral neuropathy, PMP22 duplication, foot drop, high-arched feet
• Chiari Malformation — cerebellar tonsillar herniation, syringomyelia, occipital headache, surgical decompression
• Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) — acquired demyelinating neuropathy, symmetric weakness, IVIG and plasmapheresis, distinguishing from GBS
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders — DSPD, ASPD, non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, light therapy, melatonin, chronotherapy
• Concussion — mild traumatic brain injury, coup-contrecoup, post-concussion syndrome, return-to-play
• Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS) — asymmetric parkinsonism, alien limb phenomenon, apraxia, 4R tauopathy
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) — rapidly progressive dementia, prion disease, RT-QuIC test, myoclonus, no effective treatment
• Delirium — acute confusional state, fluctuating attention, hyperactive vs hypoactive subtypes, CAM assessment, reversible causes
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) — X-linked dystrophin deficiency, Gowers' sign, cardiomyopathy, exon-skipping therapies
• Epilepsy — seizure classification, antiepileptic drugs, surgical options
• Essential Tremor — the most common movement disorder, action tremor vs Parkinson's, propranolol/primidone, focused ultrasound
• Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) — D4Z4 repeat contraction, DUX4 misexpression, scapular winging, facial and shoulder-girdle weakness
• Friedreich's Ataxia — GAA trinucleotide repeat, frataxin deficiency, mixed cerebellar-sensory ataxia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, omaveloxolone
• Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) — behavioral variant vs language variants, TDP-43/tau/FUS pathology, early personality change, C9orf72
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome — ascending flaccid paralysis, molecular mimicry from Campylobacter jejuni, albuminocytologic dissociation, IVIG vs plasmapheresis, FVC monitoring
• Hemifacial Spasm — involuntary unilateral facial muscle contractions, vascular compression of facial nerve, botulinum toxin, microvascular decompression
• Huntington's Disease — CAG repeat expansion, chorea, genetic testing
• Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) — raised intracranial pressure without mass lesion, papilledema, pulsatile tinnitus, acetazolamide, weight loss
• Kleine-Levin Syndrome — "sleeping beauty syndrome," recurrent hypersomnia in adolescents, episodes of 16-20hr/day sleep + derealization + hyperphagia, complete normality between episodes, lithium for prevention, self-limited over 8-14 years
• Korsakoff Syndrome — thiamine deficiency, anterograde amnesia, confabulation, mammillary body atrophy, thiamine repletion
• Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) — VGCC antibodies, proximal muscle weakness, paradoxical strength with repeated effort, paraneoplastic SCLC association
• MCAS (mast cell activation syndrome) — full article plus 8 deep-dive guides on mediators & symptom map, testing, low-histamine diet, H1/H2 blocker stacks, cromolyn & ketotifen, triggers & flares, hereditary α-tryptasemia, and natural stabilizers
• ME/CFS — post-exertional malaise, pacing, the under-recognized multisystem neuroimmune disease
  • Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM) Explained
  • 2-Day CPET & Objective Testing
  • Pacing & Energy Envelope
  • IOM/SEID vs CCC vs ICC Criteria
  • Orthostatic Intolerance in ME/CFS
  • Post-Viral Triggers: EBV & Others
  • Severe & Very Severe ME
  • LDN, Abilify & Experimental Therapies
• Migraine — cortical spreading depression, CGRP antibodies, triptans, gepants, magnesium/B2/CoQ10
• MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) — myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease, distinct from MS and NMOSD, bilateral optic neuritis with excellent visual recovery, ADEM in children, cell-based assay required, IVIg/rituximab for relapse prevention, avoid MS DMTs
• Multiple Sclerosis — demyelination, McDonald criteria, disease-modifying therapies
• Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) — parkinsonism + autonomic failure + cerebellar ataxia, alpha-synuclein glial inclusions, MSA-P vs MSA-C subtypes, rapid progression
• Myasthenia Gravis — neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine receptor antibodies, thymectomy
• Myotonic Dystrophy (DM1 and DM2) — CTG repeat expansion, myotonia, distal muscle weakness, cardiac conduction defects, cataracts
• Narcolepsy — Type 1 (cataplexy, hypocretin deficiency) vs Type 2, HLA-DQB1*06:02, MSLT, modafinil/sodium oxybate/pitolisant
• Neuromyelitis Optica (NMOSD) — AQP4 antibody, severe optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, distinct from MS, eculizumab/inebilizumab/satralizumab
• Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) — Hakim's triad (gait, cognition, incontinence), ventriculomegaly with normal opening pressure, VP shunt, tap test
• Parkinson's Disease — dopamine depletion, levodopa, deep brain stimulation
• Peripheral Neuropathy — nerve damage, diabetic neuropathy, pain management
• Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) — hypertension-associated vasogenic edema, posterior white matter lesions on MRI, seizures, visual disturbance, blood pressure control
• POTS (postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome) — full article plus 8 deep-dive guides on subtypes, tilt table test, salt & hydration, compression & exercise, medications, the POTS/MCAS/EDS triad, LDN, and vagus nerve & retraining
• Prion Disease — misfolded PrP propagation, CJD/FFI/GSS/kuru spectrum, rapidly fatal, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) — vertical gaze palsy, axial rigidity, early falls, 4R tauopathy, Richardson syndrome, no effective disease-modifying therapy
• Restless Leg Syndrome — urge to move the legs at rest, sensory discomfort, iron deficiency link, dopaminergic treatments
• Restless Legs Syndrome — urge to move the legs, the brain-iron and dopamine link, augmentation, alpha-2-delta ligands
• Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) — SMN1 deletion, lower motor neuron degeneration, nusinersen/risdiplam/onasemnogene abeparvovec, newborn screening
• Stiff-Person Syndrome — anti-GAD65 antibodies, progressive muscle rigidity, episodic spasms, GABA deficit, diazepam/baclofen/IVIG
• Stroke — ischemic (87%) vs hemorrhagic (13%), NIHSS scoring, tPA 4.5-hour window, mechanical thrombectomy, DAWN/DEFUSE-3 trials
• Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord — vitamin B12 deficiency, posterior and lateral column demyelination, subacute sensory ataxia, B12 repletion
• Susac Syndrome — autoimmune endotheliopathy, triad of encephalopathy + branch retinal artery occlusions + sensorineural hearing loss, immunosuppression
• TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) — "mini-stroke," ABCD2 score, same-day TIA clinic (EXPRESS trial: 10.3% → 2.1% 90-day stroke risk), dual antiplatelet therapy
• Tourette Syndrome — multiple motor + vocal tics, DSM-5 criteria, CBIT behavioral therapy, guanfacine, aripiprazole, valbenazine, ADHD/OCD comorbidities
• Transverse Myelitis — spinal cord inflammation, bilateral sensorimotor and autonomic deficits, MRI T2 signal, high-dose steroids, distinguishing from MS/NMOSD
• Trigeminal Neuralgia — severe facial nerve pain, carbamazepine, microvascular decompression, the MS link
• Vascular Dementia — second most common dementia, subcortical ischemic VaD, Binswanger disease, NINDS-AIREN criteria, cardiovascular risk factor control
• Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome — thiamine deficiency continuum, Wernicke's acute encephalopathy progressing to Korsakoff's chronic amnesia, IV thiamine urgency
• Wernicke's Encephalopathy — acute thiamine deficiency, classic triad of ophthalmoplegia + ataxia + confusion, emergency IV thiamine, alcoholism and malnutrition risk

Table of Contents

1. Neurology
2. Research Papers
3. Connections
4. Featured Videos

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Key Research Papers

Foundational and recent peer-reviewed publications across the major neurology subspecialties — stroke, dementia, neurodegenerative disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, headache, and movement disorders. Each citation links to the full text via DOI.

1. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;333(24):1581–1587.
2. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AHA/ASA). Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344–e418.
3. Berkhemer OA, Fransen PSS, Beumer D, et al. A Randomized Trial of Intraarterial Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke (MR CLEAN). New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(1):11–20.
4. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (RE-LY). New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(12):1139–1151.
5. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJV, et al. Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE). New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(11):981–992.
6. Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, et al. Toward Defining the Preclinical Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: Recommendations from the NIA-AA Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2011;7(3):280–292.
7. Sims JR, Zimmer JA, Evans CD, et al. Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2). JAMA. 2023;330(6):512–527.
8. van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, et al. Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer's Disease (CLARITY-AD). New England Journal of Medicine. 2023;388(1):9–21.
9. Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, et al. MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease. Movement Disorders. 2015;30(12):1591–1601.
10. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: 2017 Revisions of the McDonald Criteria. Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(2):162–173.
11. Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (OPERA I and II). New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(3):221–234.
12. Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, Meininger V. A Controlled Trial of Riluzole in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;330(9):585–591.
13. Brown RH Jr, Al-Chalabi A. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377(2):162–172.
14. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE Official Report: A Practical Clinical Definition of Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475–482.
15. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211.
16. Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, Hallström Y, et al. A Controlled Trial of Erenumab for Episodic Migraine. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377(22):2123–2132.

Live PubMed Searches

Live PubMed queries that update as new papers are indexed.

1. PubMed: neurology clinical review
2. PubMed: neurodegenerative disease mechanisms
3. PubMed: Alzheimer's disease
4. PubMed: Parkinson's disease
5. PubMed: multiple sclerosis
6. PubMed: epilepsy management
7. PubMed: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
8. PubMed: Huntington's disease
9. PubMed: peripheral neuropathy
10. PubMed: myasthenia gravis
11. PubMed: ME/CFS
12. PubMed: POTS

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Connections

• All Conditions
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Parkinson's Disease
• Multiple Sclerosis
• ALS
• Epilepsy
• Huntington's Disease
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Peripheral Neuropathy
• ME/CFS
• POTS
• MCAS
• Stroke
• TIA (Mini-Stroke)
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• Narcolepsy
• Tourette Syndrome
• Vascular Dementia

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