Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology focuses on the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
- Appendicitis (Alvarado score, CT vs ultrasound, laparoscopic appendectomy, antibiotics-first APPAC trial, perforation risk)
- Barrett's Esophagus (GERD complication, specialized intestinal metaplasia, Prague C&M classification, radiofrequency ablation, surveillance intervals)
- Celiac Disease (autoimmune gluten sensitivity, Marsh classification, tTG-IgA)
- Crohn's Disease (transmural inflammation, skip lesions, biologic therapy)
- Diverticulitis (diverticulosis, complicated vs uncomplicated, Hinchey classification)
- Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD/MASLD) (MASLD/MASH nomenclature 2023, FIB-4 score, fibrosis staging, GLP-1 agonists, resmetirom, lifestyle reversal)
- Gallbladder Disease (cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, Tokyo guidelines, HIDA scan)
- Gallstones (biliary colic, silent stones, when surgery is needed)
- Gastritis (erosive vs non-erosive, H. pylori urea breath test, triple therapy, autoimmune pernicious anemia, Correa cascade)
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD, Barrett's esophagus, PPI therapy)
- Hemorrhoids (internal vs external, grading, fiber, rubber band ligation, red flags)
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD overview, Crohn's vs UC)
- Crohn's vs Ulcerative Colitis: Key Differences
- Diagnostic Workup: Calprotectin, Colonoscopy, MRE
- Biologics: TNF, IL-23 & Integrin Inhibitors
- JAK Inhibitors & S1P Modulators
- Diet: SCD & Mediterranean
- Surgery: Resection, J-Pouch, Ostomy
- Extraintestinal Manifestations
- Fatigue, Anemia & Nutrient Deficiencies
- Pregnancy & IBD
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Rome IV criteria, IBS subtypes, low-FODMAP diet)
- Achalasia (esophageal motility disorder, myenteric plexus loss, Chicago Classification, POEM, Heller myotomy)
- Acute Cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation, Tokyo Guidelines, laparoscopic cholecystectomy)
- Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome, neostigmine, colonoscopic decompression)
- Autoimmune Hepatitis (ANA/SMA/anti-LKM-1, IAIHG criteria, prednisone + azathioprine, budesonide)
- Autoimmune Pancreatitis (IgG4-related, Type 1 vs Type 2, steroid-responsive)
- Carcinoid Tumor (neuroendocrine tumor, serotonin, carcinoid syndrome, octreotide)
- Cholangitis (Charcot's triad, Reynolds pentad, ERCP, biliary drainage)
- Choledocholithiasis (common bile duct stones, ERCP, sphincterotomy)
- Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (episodic emesis, migraine variant, mitochondrial, cannabis)
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE, eosinophilic infiltration, rings/furrows, dupilumab, elimination diet)
- Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis (eosinophilic infiltration of GI tract beyond esophagus)
- Esophageal Varices (portal hypertension, band ligation, TIPS, beta-blockers)
- Functional Dyspepsia (Rome IV, PDS vs EPS, H. pylori eradication, prokinetics)
- Gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying, diabetic vs idiopathic, gastric emptying scan, metoclopramide)
- Hirschsprung Disease (congenital aganglionic megacolon, RET mutations, pull-through surgery)
- H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori, urea breath test, triple therapy, ulcer link)
- Hepatitis A (HAV, fecal-oral transmission, self-limited, fulminant risk in chronic liver disease, vaccination, 2018-2019 outbreak)
- Hepatitis B (HBV, perinatal transmission, cccDNA, HBeAg phases, tenofovir/entecavir, HCC risk, vaccination)
- Hepatitis C (HCV, direct-acting antivirals, SVR cure, fibrosis, HCC risk, cryoglobulinemia)
- Ischemic Colitis (colon ischemia, watershed areas, CT colonography, bowel rest)
- Liver Cirrhosis (fibrosis, Child-Pugh/MELD, ascites, varices, HCC risk, portal hypertension)
- Mesenteric Ischemia (acute vs chronic, SMA thrombosis/embolus, "intestinal angina")
- Microscopic Colitis (collagenous and lymphocytic colitis, watery diarrhea, budesonide)
- Pancreatitis (acute and chronic, Ranson criteria, Atlanta classification)
- Peptic Ulcer Disease (H. pylori, NSAID-induced, triple therapy, Forrest classification)
- Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC, AMA, ursodeoxycholic acid, obeticholic acid, pruritus, cholestasis)
- Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC, IBD association, MRCP beading, cholangiocarcinoma risk)
- Short Bowel Syndrome (intestinal failure, parenteral nutrition, GLP-2 analogs, teduglutide)
- Small Bowel Obstruction (adhesions, hernias, CT diagnosis, nasogastric tube, surgery)
- Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMA syndrome, duodenal compression, weight loss)
- Ulcerative Colitis (mucosal inflammation, aminosalicylates, colectomy)
- Whipple's Disease (Tropheryma whipplei, malabsorption, PAS-positive macrophages, doxycycline)
- SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth) — full article plus 8 deep-dive guides on gas subtypes, breath testing, low-FODMAP, elemental diet, rifaximin, herbal antimicrobials, prokinetics & relapse prevention, and root causes