Endocrinology

Endocrinology deals with hormone-related disorders and metabolic conditions affecting the thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, and parathyroid glands.

• Addison's Disease (primary adrenal insufficiency, cortisol replacement)
• Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism, dexamethasone suppression test)
• Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1, Type 2, insulin therapy, HbA1c targets)
  • Type 1 vs Type 2 vs LADA & MODY
  • A1c, Fructosamine & Glycation Markers
  • CGM & Time-in-Range
  • Insulin Types & Dosing Strategies
  • Cardio-Renal Protection: SGLT2 & GLP-1
  • Remission & Reversal Strategies
  • Complications: Retinopathy, Nephropathy, Neuropathy
  • Hypoglycemia Awareness & Prevention
• Diabetes Insipidus (central vs nephrogenic, water deprivation test, desmopressin)
• Graves' Disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism, TSI/TRAb, radioactive iodine, thyroid eye disease, teprotumumab)
• Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (autoimmune hypothyroidism, anti-TPO, levothyroxine, selenium, root-cause approaches)
  • TPO & TgAb Antibodies Explained
  • TSH, T4, T3 Optimal Ranges
  • Levothyroxine vs NDT vs T3
  • AIP & Gluten Elimination
  • Selenium, Zinc, Iron, Iodine
  • Reverse T3 & Low T3 Syndrome
  • Pregnancy & Hashimoto's
  • Hashimoto's, POTS & MCAS Overlap
• Hyperparathyroidism (primary/secondary/tertiary, calcium-PTH axis, calcimimetics)
• Insulin Resistance (the upstream driver, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, CGM, reversal framework)
  • Fasting Insulin & HOMA-IR
  • CGM for Non-Diabetics
  • Reversal: Diet & Fasting
  • Insulin Resistance & PCOS
  • Metabolic Syndrome & CV Risk
  • NAFLD / MASLD Connection
  • Exercise & Muscle Sensitivity
  • Metformin, Berberine & GLP-1s
• Metabolic Syndrome (ATP III/IDF criteria, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk)
• Obesity (BMI classification, GLP-1 agonists, bariatric surgery)
• Pheochromocytoma (catecholamine excess, metanephrines, alpha-blockade, MEN2/VHL)
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS, Rotterdam criteria, hyperandrogenism)
• Thyroid Disorders (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's)

Table of Contents

• Research Papers
• Connections
• Featured Videos

Research Papers

The following PubMed topic searches aggregate the current peer-reviewed literature. Each link opens a live PubMed query — results update as new studies are indexed.

• PubMed — endocrine disease review
• PubMed — diabetes mellitus type 2
• PubMed — thyroid disease
• PubMed — adrenal insufficiency
• PubMed — Cushing syndrome
• PubMed — hyperparathyroidism
• PubMed — pheochromocytoma
• PubMed — polycystic ovary syndrome
• PubMed — metabolic syndrome
• PubMed — obesity endocrinology
• PubMed — pituitary disorders
• PubMed — insulin resistance

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Connections

• Endocrinology Index
• Diabetes
• Insulin Resistance
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Obesity
• Thyroid Disorders
• Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
• Graves' Disease
• Lab Tests
• Vitamin D
• Magnesium
• Chromium

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Featured Videos

Endocrinology - Calcium and Phosphate Regulation

What is Endocrinology? || Endocrine Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments || NTV

Online Tutorial | Diabetes Insipidus | Endocrinology

Hyperthyroidism Explained: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Pinoy Endocrinologist

Hypopituitarism - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Diabetes Mellitus | Clinical Medicine

Pituitary Disorders | Clinical Medicine

What Doctors Don't Tell You About Hashimoto's and Gluten Sensitivity

Hyperthyroidism | Hyperthyroid Endocrine Nursing Symptoms Treatment Pathophysiology NCLEX