index

Lung gas exchange: oxygen and CO2 across alveolar epithelium

Pulmonology

Pulmonology focuses on diseases of the lungs and respiratory system, from obstructive airway diseases to critical care pulmonology.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS, Berlin criteria, lung-protective ventilation, prone positioning)
Asthma (airway hyperresponsiveness, GINA stepwise therapy)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD, GOLD classification, bronchodilators)
Cystic Fibrosis (CFTR mutations, CFTR modulators, pancreatic insufficiency)
Influenza (seasonal flu, antiviral therapy)
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD, IPF, antifibrotic therapy, HRCT patterns)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA, AHI scoring, CPAP, hypoglossal nerve stimulation)
Pleural Effusion (transudative vs exudative, Light's criteria, thoracentesis)
Pneumonia (CAP, HAP, VAP, empiric antibiotic selection)
Pulmonary Embolism (Wells criteria, CT angiography, anticoagulation, PESI score)
Pulmonary Hypertension (WHO groups I-V, right heart catheterization, vasodilators)
Sarcoidosis (non-caseating granulomas, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, corticosteroids)

Pulmonology Overview
Research Papers
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Key Research Papers

Foundational and recent peer-reviewed publications across the major pulmonology subspecialties. Each citation links to the full text via DOI.

The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342(18):1301–1308.
Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526–2533.
Guérin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, et al. Prone Positioning in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PROSEVA). New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(23):2159–2168.
Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2017 Report (GOLD). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2017;195(5):557–582.
Reddel HK, Bacharier LB, Bateman ED, et al. Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes (GINA). European Respiratory Journal. 2022;59(1):2102730.
King TE Jr, Bradford WZ, Castro-Bernardini S, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (ASCEND). New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;370(22):2083–2092.
Richeldi L, du Bois RM, Raghu G, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Nintedanib in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (INPULSIS). New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;370(22):2071–2082.
Middleton PG, Mall MA, Dřevínek P, et al. Elexacaftor–Tezacaftor–Ivacaftor for Cystic Fibrosis with a Single Phe508del Allele. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(19):1809–1819.
Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2019;200(7):e45–e67.
Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Excluding Pulmonary Embolism at the Bedside without Diagnostic Imaging. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001;135(2):98–107.
Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism. European Heart Journal. 2020;41(4):543–603.
Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic Definitions and Updated Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension. European Respiratory Journal. 2019;53(1):1801913.
Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, Eves L. Reversal of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Applied through the Nares. Lancet. 1981;1(8225):862–865.
Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Men with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea-Hypopnoea with or without Treatment with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. Lancet. 2005;365(9464):1046–1053.
Crouser ED, Maier LA, Wilson KC, et al. Diagnosis and Detection of Sarcoidosis: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2020;201(8):e26–e51.
Hayden FG, Sugaya N, Hirotsu N, et al. Baloxavir Marboxil for Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults and Adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;379(10):913–923.