Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Coronary Artery Disease — scientific infographic poster

Atherosclerosis 5-stage progression: healthy artery to ruptured plaque

Foam cells: macrophages engulfing oxidized LDL in arterial intima

What is Coronary Artery Disease?
Causes and Risk Factors
Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease
Diagnosis and Treatment
Prognosis
Research Papers
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What is Coronary Artery Disease?

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis). This can reduce blood flow and lead to chest pain (angina) or heart attacks.

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Causes and Risk Factors

Plaque buildup: Due to cholesterol, fatty deposits, and other substances in the artery walls.
High blood pressure: Can damage arteries over time and promote plaque formation.
Smoking: Damages the lining of arteries and contributes to plaque buildup.
Diabetes: Increases the risk of CAD due to high blood sugar levels.
Family history: A family history of CAD can increase the risk.

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Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease

Common symptoms include:

Chest pain or discomfort (angina), especially during physical activity or stress
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Heart attack symptoms: Such as chest pain, nausea, and sweating

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Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnostic Tests

To diagnose CAD, doctors may use:

Electrocardiogram (ECG): To detect abnormalities in the heart's electrical activity.
Stress test: To monitor heart function during physical exertion.
Coronary angiography: An imaging test using dye and X-rays to show artery blockages.
CT scan: To provide detailed images of the coronary arteries.

Treatment Options

Lifestyle changes: Diet, exercise, and smoking cessation to improve heart health.
Medications: Such as statins, beta-blockers, and antiplatelet drugs to manage symptoms and prevent progression.
Angioplasty and stenting: A minimally invasive procedure to open blocked arteries and place a stent.
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): Surgery to create a new path for blood to flow around blocked arteries.

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Prognosis

The prognosis for coronary artery disease depends on the severity of the blockage, the number of affected arteries, and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper lifestyle changes and medical management, many patients can lead active and fulfilling lives.

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