Cardiology

Heart anatomy cross-section: chambers, valves, coronary arteries, conduction system

Cardiology focuses on diseases and disorders of the heart and blood vessels, including structural, electrical, and vascular conditions.

Aortic Aneurysm (abdominal and thoracic, Crawford classification, EVAR vs open repair)
Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats, SVT, ventricular tachycardia)
Atherosclerosis (plaque progression, endothelial dysfunction, vulnerable plaque, statins)
Atrial Fibrillation (CHA₂DS₂-VASc scoring, rate vs rhythm control, ablation)
Cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic)
Cardiovascular Disease (atherosclerosis, risk factor management)
Cholesterol Management (LDL/ApoB targets, lipid particles, statins, PCSK9, lifestyle)
Coronary Artery Disease (angina, myocardial infarction, revascularization)
Endocarditis (infective endocarditis, Duke criteria, prophylaxis)
Heart Failure (HFrEF, HFpEF, NYHA classification)
Hypertension (primary and secondary, ACC/AHA staging)
Myocarditis (viral, autoimmune, Dallas criteria)
Peripheral Artery Disease (claudication, ABI, Fontaine/Rutherford staging)
Stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic, TIA, thrombolysis)
Valvular Heart Disease (stenosis, regurgitation, ACC/AHA staging, TAVR)

Key Research Papers

Foundational and recent peer-reviewed publications across the major cardiology subspecialties — lipid management, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, valvular disease, and acute coronary syndromes. Each citation links to the full text via DOI.

Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised Trial of Cholesterol Lowering in 4444 Patients with Coronary Heart Disease (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–1389.
Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes (PROVE IT–TIMI 22). New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;350(15):1495–1504.
Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease (FOURIER). New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(18):1713–1722.
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019;73(24):e285–e350.
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor, Ramipril, on Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients (HOPE). New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342(3):145–153.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(19):e127–e248.
Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining Clinical Risk Stratification for Predicting Stroke and Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation Using a Novel Risk Factor-Based Approach: The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation (CHA₂DS₂-VASc). Chest. 2010;137(2):263–272.
Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (RE-LY). New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(12):1139–1151.
Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(10):883–891.
Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE). New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(11):981–992.
McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF). New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371(11):993–1004.
McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction (DAPA-HF). New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(21):1995–2008.
Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction (EMPEROR-Preserved). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(16):1451–1461.
Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement with a Balloon-Expandable Valve in Low-Risk Patients (PARTNER 3). New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(18):1695–1705.
Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease (ISCHEMIA). New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(15):1395–1407.
The GUSTO Investigators. An International Randomized Trial Comparing Four Thrombolytic Strategies for Acute Myocardial Infarction (GUSTO-1). New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;329(10):673–682.