Cardiology

Cardiology focuses on diseases and disorders of the heart and blood vessels, including structural, electrical, and vascular conditions.

• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (infrarenal dilation, diameter thresholds, EVAR vs open repair, surveillance intervals)
• Aortic Aneurysm (abdominal and thoracic, Crawford classification, EVAR vs open repair)
• Aortic Dissection (Stanford Type A/B, DeBakey classification, emergency surgical repair)
• Aortic Regurgitation (diastolic backflow, LV volume overload, chronic vs acute, surgical timing)
• Aortic Stenosis (valve-area gradient, severe AS criteria, TAVR vs surgical replacement)
• Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats, SVT, ventricular tachycardia)
• Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (fibrofatty replacement, desmosomal gene mutations, sudden death risk)
• Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) (Task Force criteria, epsilon wave, ICD indications, desmoplakin)
• ARVC (arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy shorthand reference page)
• Atherosclerosis (plaque progression, endothelial dysfunction, vulnerable plaque, statins)
• Atrial Fibrillation (CHA₂DS₂-VASc scoring, rate vs rhythm control, ablation)
• Atrial Flutter (cavotricuspid isthmus re-entry, sawtooth P-waves, cardioversion, ablation)
• Brugada Syndrome (SCN5A mutation, coved ST pattern, sudden nocturnal death, ICD)
• Cardiac Amyloidosis (AL vs ATTR types, restrictive cardiomyopathy, pyrophosphate scan, tafamidis)
• Cardiac Sarcoidosis (granulomatous infiltration, heart block, ventricular arrhythmia, corticosteroids)
• Cardiac Tamponade (pericardial effusion, Beck's triad, pulsus paradoxus, pericardiocentesis)
• Cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic)
• Cardiovascular Disease (atherosclerosis, risk factor management)
• Carotid Artery Stenosis (atherosclerotic plaque, duplex ultrasound, CEA vs CAS, stroke prevention)
• Cholesterol Management (LDL/ApoB targets, lipid particles, statins, PCSK9, lifestyle)
• Coarctation of the Aorta (congenital narrowing, upper/lower limb BP gradient, rib notching, stenting)
• Commotio Cordis (blunt chest impact, ventricular fibrillation, youth athletes, AED)
• Constrictive Pericarditis (calcified pericardium, equalization of diastolic pressures, pericardiectomy)
• Coronary Artery Disease (angina, myocardial infarction, revascularization)
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy (LV dilation, reduced EF, familial DCM genes, GDMT, CRT)
• Ebstein's Anomaly (apically displaced tricuspid valve, Carpentier classification, WPW association)
• Endocarditis (infective endocarditis, Duke criteria, prophylaxis)
• Heart Block (first, second Mobitz I/II, complete AV block, Wenckebach, pacemaker)
• Heart Failure (HFrEF, HFpEF, NYHA classification)
• HFpEF (Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction) (diastolic dysfunction, EF ≥50%, EMPEROR-Preserved, SGLT2 inhibitors)
• Hypertension (primary and secondary, ACC/AHA staging)
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (asymmetric septal hypertrophy, LVOTO, SAM, sudden death, myectomy)
• Infective Endocarditis (Duke criteria, Staph/Strep etiology, vegetations, valve surgery indications)
• Left Ventricular Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy (trabecular spongy myocardium, NC/C ratio, thromboembolic risk)
• Loeys-Dietz Syndrome (TGFBR1/2 mutations, aortic aneurysm, bifid uvula, arterial tortuosity)
• Long QT Syndrome (prolonged repolarization, torsades de pointes, LQTS1-3 subtypes, ICD)
• Mitral Regurgitation (leaflet prolapse, regurgitant fraction, primary vs secondary MR, MitraClip)
• Mitral Stenosis (rheumatic fusion, valve area thresholds, PMBC, atrial fibrillation)
• Myocarditis (viral, autoimmune, Dallas criteria)
• Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) (interatrial shunt, cryptogenic stroke, paradoxical embolism, transcatheter closure)
• Pericarditis (ESC criteria, colchicine, recurrence prevention, constrictive pericarditis)
• Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (late pregnancy/postpartum LV dysfunction, PPCM registry, bromocriptine)
• Peripheral Arterial Disease (limb ischemia, ABI <0.9, Rutherford staging, revascularization)
• Peripheral Artery Disease (claudication, ABI, Fontaine/Rutherford staging)
• Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) (HR rise ≥30 bpm on standing, dysautonomia, volume expansion, ivabradine)
• Raynaud's Phenomenon (vasospastic color changes, primary vs secondary, calcium channel blockers)
• Stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic, TIA, thrombolysis)
• Sudden Cardiac Death (VF/VT, structural heart disease, channelopathies, CPR, AED, ICD)
• Supraventricular Tachycardia (AVNRT, AVRT, narrow-complex tachycardia, adenosine, ablation)
• Takotsubo Syndrome (broken heart syndrome, apical ballooning, catecholamine surge, InterTAK)
• Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) (tobacco-related small/medium vessel occlusion, digit ischemia, smoking cessation)
• Valvular Heart Disease (stenosis, regurgitation, ACC/AHA staging, TAVR)
• Varicose Veins (chronic venous insufficiency, valve failure, compression, endovenous ablation)
• Ventricular Fibrillation (chaotic depolarization, cardiac arrest, defibrillation, post-VF ICD)
• Ventricular Tachycardia (monomorphic vs polymorphic, structural substrate, ablation, ICD therapy)
• Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (accessory pathway, delta wave, pre-excitation, orthodromic AVRT, ablation)

Key Research Papers

Foundational and recent peer-reviewed publications across the major cardiology subspecialties — lipid management, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, valvular disease, and acute coronary syndromes. Each citation links to the full text via DOI.

1. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised Trial of Cholesterol Lowering in 4444 Patients with Coronary Heart Disease (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–1389.
2. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes (PROVE IT–TIMI 22). New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;350(15):1495–1504.
3. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease (FOURIER). New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(18):1713–1722.
4. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019;73(24):e285–e350.
5. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor, Ramipril, on Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients (HOPE). New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342(3):145–153.
6. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(19):e127–e248.
7. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining Clinical Risk Stratification for Predicting Stroke and Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation Using a Novel Risk Factor-Based Approach: The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation (CHA₂DS₂-VASc). Chest. 2010;137(2):263–272.
8. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (RE-LY). New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(12):1139–1151.
9. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(10):883–891.
10. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE). New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(11):981–992.
11. McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF). New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371(11):993–1004.
12. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction (DAPA-HF). New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(21):1995–2008.
13. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction (EMPEROR-Preserved). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(16):1451–1461.
14. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement with a Balloon-Expandable Valve in Low-Risk Patients (PARTNER 3). New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(18):1695–1705.
15. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease (ISCHEMIA). New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(15):1395–1407.
16. The GUSTO Investigators. An International Randomized Trial Comparing Four Thrombolytic Strategies for Acute Myocardial Infarction (GUSTO-1). New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;329(10):673–682.

Live PubMed Searches

Live PubMed queries that update as new papers are indexed.

1. PubMed: coronary artery disease management
2. PubMed: atrial fibrillation anticoagulation
3. PubMed: HFrEF
4. PubMed: HFpEF
5. PubMed: hypertension guidelines
6. PubMed: valvular disease & TAVR
7. PubMed: cardiomyopathy
8. PubMed: stroke prevention
9. PubMed: peripheral artery disease
10. PubMed: infective endocarditis
11. PubMed: myocarditis
12. PubMed: aortic aneurysm

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