Pericarditis

Table of Contents

1. Overview
2. Types and Classification
3. Causes and Triggers
4. Symptoms
5. ECG and Diagnostic Findings
6. Treatment
7. Natural and Lifestyle Approaches
8. Complications and Prognosis
9. Emergency Warning Signs
10. Key Research Papers
11. Connections
12. Featured Videos

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1. Overview

Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium — the double-layered fibroserous sac surrounding the heart. It accounts for up to 5% of emergency department visits for nonischemic chest pain in North America and Western Europe (Cremer 2024 review). The 2015 ESC guideline states that the normal pericardial sac contains 10–50 mL of fluid, which lubricates the parietal and visceral layers as the heart beats.

Inflammation of the pericardium causes characteristic chest pain, a friction rub on auscultation, and distinctive electrocardiographic changes. Pericarditis is most commonly idiopathic (presumed viral) in North America and Western Europe. With treatment, 70% to 85% of patients have a benign course, but 15% to 30% develop a recurrence (Cremer 2024 review), and a small subset develop constrictive pericarditis.

The ESC 2015 diagnostic criteria define acute pericarditis when at least 2 of the following 4 criteria are present:

1. Pericarditic chest pain — typically sharp, pleuritic, positional (worse supine, relieved by sitting forward)
2. Pericardial friction rub — a scratching sound heard best at the left sternal border with the patient leaning forward
3. New widespread ST-segment elevation or PR-segment depression on ECG
4. New or worsening pericardial effusion on echocardiography or imaging

Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR, leukocytosis) or evidence of pericardial inflammation on cardiac imaging (CT or CMR) support the diagnosis but are not required. (PubMed PMID: 26320112) In the Cremer 2024 review, the approximate frequencies of these findings are: typical chest pain about 90%, a new effusion (most often small) about 60%, ECG ST elevation with PR depression about 25%–50%, and a friction rub under 30%. (PubMed PMID: 39235771)

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2. Types and Classification

By Duration

• Acute pericarditis: new-onset pericarditis (the 2015 ESC guideline's term for a first episode)
• Incessant pericarditis: symptoms persisting for more than 4–6 weeks without remission
• Recurrent pericarditis: the 2015 ESC guideline defines it as a documented first episode of acute pericarditis, a symptom-free interval of 4–6 weeks or longer, and evidence of a subsequent recurrence. The guideline gives a recurrence rate of 15–30% after a first episode, rising to as much as 50% after a first recurrence in patients not treated with colchicine. In the CORP trial (patients with a first recurrence), 55% of the placebo group had a further recurrence within 18 months. (PubMed PMID: 26320112; PubMed PMID: 21873705)
• Chronic pericarditis: pericarditis lasting more than 3 months

By Underlying Cause

• Idiopathic/viral pericarditis: the most common form in Western countries — 83.2% of 500 consecutive first episodes in an Italian cohort (Imazio 2011); presumed viral etiology; a diagnosis of exclusion
• Infectious pericarditis: Bacterial (tuberculous, purulent), viral (confirmed), fungal
• Autoimmune/inflammatory pericarditis: Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren syndrome, vasculitides
• Post-cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS): Pericarditis following myocardial infarction (Dressler syndrome), cardiac surgery (post-pericardiotomy syndrome), or cardiac trauma/ablation; autoimmune mechanism; occurs weeks to months after the inciting event
• Neoplastic pericarditis: Primary pericardial mesothelioma (rare); metastatic disease (lung, breast, lymphoma, melanoma — most common causes of malignant pericardial effusion)
• Myopericarditis: Combined pericarditis and myocarditis; elevated troponin with predominant pericarditic features

By Effusion Status

• Pericarditis without effusion
• Pericarditis with pericardial effusion (the 2015 ESC guideline grades echo size as mild <10 mm, moderate 10–20 mm, large >20 mm)
• Pericarditis with cardiac tamponade — life-threatening hemodynamic compromise

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3. Causes and Triggers

Infectious Causes

• Viral (most common in developed world): Enteroviruses (Coxsackievirus A/B, echovirus), adenovirus, parvovirus B19, EBV, CMV, influenza, herpes simplex virus; direct viral invasion and immune-mediated inflammatory response
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis: the 2015 ESC guideline describes tuberculosis as the most frequent cause of pericardial disease worldwide and in developing countries where TB is endemic; pericardial TB may cause large effusions and constrictive pericarditis; diagnosis by pericardial fluid ADA levels, PCR, and culture
• Bacterial (purulent pericarditis): Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae; rare but life-threatening; results from hematogenous spread, contiguous infection, or thoracic surgery; treated with pericardial drainage and IV antibiotics
• Fungal: Histoplasma capsulatum (endemic area exposure), Coccidioides immitis; typically immunocompromised hosts

Autoimmune and Inflammatory Triggers

• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Post-cardiac injury syndrome (Dressler syndrome after MI; post-pericardiotomy syndrome)
• Periodic fever syndromes (familial Mediterranean fever — recurrent pericarditis is a classic feature; treated with colchicine)

Other Triggers

• Chest trauma or radiation therapy
• Drugs: isoniazid, hydralazine, procainamide, phenytoin (drug-induced lupus); anti-neoplastic agents; checkpoint inhibitors
• Uremia (renal failure) — fibrinous pericarditis; associated with pericardial friction rub
• Hypothyroidism

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4. Symptoms

Cardinal Symptom: Pericarditic Chest Pain

The chest pain of pericarditis has a characteristic pattern that helps distinguish it from other causes of chest pain:

• Quality: Sharp, stabbing, or knife-like; rarely described as pressure or squeezing (which is more typical of myocardial ischemia)
• Location: Retrosternal or left precordial; may radiate to the left trapezius ridge (referred pain via the phrenic nerve, which supplies the pericardium)
• Positional: Worsens in the supine position and with inspiration, coughing, and swallowing; classically relieved by sitting upright and leaning forward
• Onset: Often follows a viral upper respiratory or gastrointestinal illness

Associated Symptoms

• Fever (in the Imazio 2007 cohort, fever >38 °C was linked to a higher chance of a specific cause such as tuberculosis, cancer or autoimmune disease)
• Dyspnea — from pain, effusion, or associated pleuritis
• Cough and dysphagia (large effusion compressing adjacent structures)
• Malaise and fatigue
• Palpitations (from arrhythmias or sinus tachycardia)
• Hiccups (diaphragmatic irritation from large effusion)

Signs of Cardiac Tamponade (Emergency)

• Beck's triad: Hypotension + jugular venous distension + muffled heart sounds
• Pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg inspiratory fall in systolic BP
• Sinus tachycardia, cool extremities, altered consciousness

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5. ECG and Diagnostic Findings

Electrocardiography

The 2015 ESC guideline reports typical ECG changes in up to 60% of cases and notes that their evolution over time varies (the Cremer 2024 review gives about 25%–50% for widespread ST elevation with PR depression). The classic sequence is described in four stages:

• Stage 1: Diffuse, concave-upward ("saddle-shaped") ST elevation in most leads except aVR and V1 (which show ST depression). PR-segment depression in multiple leads with reciprocal PR elevation in aVR. This diffuse pattern (not territory-specific) distinguishes pericarditis from MI.
• Stage 2: ST segments return to baseline; T waves flatten
• Stage 3: T-wave inversion in leads previously showing ST elevation
• Stage 4: Normalization; some patients retain T-wave inversions

The Spodick sign — a downsloping TP segment — was seen in 29% of patients with pericarditis and 5% of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a 2020 emergency-department ECG review (Witting 2020), so it is associated with pericarditis but does not rule out STEMI. (PubMed PMID: 32222321)

In the same review, the findings that best separated STEMI from pericarditis were ST depression (outside V1 and aVR), greater ST elevation in lead III than lead II, and the absence of PR depression — all three pointing toward STEMI. Low voltage and electrical alternans are associated with large pericardial effusion.

Laboratory Findings

• CRP and ESR: Elevated in active inflammation; the 2015 ESC guideline ties the end of activity restriction to CRP normalization (see Treatment)
• Troponin: Elevated in myopericarditis; the 2015 ESC guideline recommends CMR to confirm myocardial involvement
• CBC: Leukocytosis; eosinophilia in drug-induced pericarditis
• ANA, anti-dsDNA, RF, complement: For suspected autoimmune etiology
• TSH: Checks for hypothyroidism
• BUN/creatinine: Checks for uremic pericarditis
• HIV, tuberculosis testing (interferon-gamma release assay, TST): In high-risk patients

Echocardiography

Echocardiography detects pericardial effusion and grades its size. The 2015 ESC guideline lists the echo signs of tamponade as early diastolic collapse of the right ventricle, late diastolic collapse of the right atrium, abnormal ventricular septal motion, and exaggerated respiratory variability in ventricular filling. Echo is also used to look for myocardial wall motion abnormalities that would suggest acute coronary syndrome. The American Society of Echocardiography published multimodality imaging recommendations for pericardial disease in 2013. (PubMed PMID: 26320112; PubMed PMID: 23998693)

Cardiac MRI (CMR)

CMR is used to detect pericardial inflammation when the diagnosis is uncertain. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the pericardium indicates active inflammation. CMR also assesses myocardial involvement (epicardial LGE in myopericarditis; the 2015 ESC guideline recommends CMR to confirm it), pericardial thickness, and pericardial effusion.

CT Chest

CT is useful for pericardial calcification (constrictive pericarditis), effusion characterization, and excluding other causes of chest pain (aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism). Pericardial calcification on CT indicates long-standing pericardial disease and may suggest prior TB or previous purulent pericarditis.

Pericardiocentesis / Pericardial Fluid Analysis

The 2015 ESC guideline lists pericardiocentesis or cardiac surgery for cardiac tamponade (urgently), for symptomatic moderate-to-large effusions that do not respond to medical therapy, and when a bacterial or neoplastic cause is suspected. (PubMed PMID: 26320112) Analysis includes: exudate vs. transudate (Light's criteria), glucose, LDH, protein, cell count and differential, cultures (bacterial, TB), cytology (malignant cells), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and PCR for viruses and TB. In a 2006 meta-analysis, a pericardial-fluid ADA of 40 U/L or more had 88% sensitivity and 83% specificity for tuberculous pericarditis. (PubMed PMID: 16950165)

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6. Treatment

First-Line Anti-Inflammatory Therapy

The 2015 ESC guideline lists aspirin or NSAIDs as first-line therapy for acute pericarditis, with colchicine added on top. The doses in its table are: (PubMed PMID: 26320112)

• Aspirin: 750–1000 mg three times daily for 1–2 weeks, then tapered. The guideline favours aspirin over other NSAIDs when aspirin is already needed as antiplatelet treatment.
• Ibuprofen: 600 mg three times daily for 1–2 weeks, with tapering considered.
• Indomethacin: 75–150 mg/day (an alternative NSAID).

Colchicine — Recurrence Prevention

Colchicine, added to aspirin or NSAIDs, reduced recurrence in four randomized trials:

• COPE trial (2005): In 120 patients with a first episode, open-label colchicine (1.0–2.0 mg on the first day, then 0.5–1.0 mg/day for 3 months) added to aspirin lowered the 18-month recurrence rate from 32.3% to 10.7% (number needed to treat 5) and symptom persistence at 72 hours from 36.7% to 11.7%. Colchicine was stopped in 8.3% because of diarrhea. (PubMed PMID: 16186437)
• ICAP trial (2013): In 240 adults with acute pericarditis, double-blind colchicine (0.5 mg twice daily for patients over 70 kg, 0.5 mg once daily for 70 kg or less, for 3 months) lowered incessant or recurrent pericarditis from 37.5% with placebo to 16.7% (number needed to treat 4). Symptom persistence at 72 hours fell from 40.0% to 19.2%, and adverse effects and discontinuation were similar in both groups. (PubMed PMID: 23992557)
• CORP trial (2011): In 120 patients with a first recurrence, colchicine for 6 months lowered the 18-month recurrence rate from 55% with placebo to 24% (number needed to treat 3), with similar side-effect rates. (PubMed PMID: 21873705)
• CORP-2 trial (2014): In 240 patients with two or more recurrences, weight-adjusted colchicine for 6 months lowered further recurrence from 42.5% with placebo to 21.6% (number needed to treat 5); adverse effects and discontinuation were similar in both groups. (PubMed PMID: 24694983)
• Dosing in the guideline: the 2015 ESC guideline lists weight-adjusted colchicine without a loading dose — 0.5 mg once daily under 70 kg or twice daily at 70 kg or more — for at least 6 months in recurrent pericarditis; ICAP used the same doses for 3 months after a first episode.

Corticosteroids — Caution

The 2015 ESC guideline places corticosteroids as a second option and states that they favour chronicity, more recurrences and side effects. In the COPE trial, corticosteroid use was an independent risk factor for recurrence (odds ratio 4.30). (PubMed PMID: 26320112; PubMed PMID: 16186437)

Corticosteroids are often used when pericarditis does not improve with NSAIDs and colchicine (Cremer 2024 review). Where they are used, the 2015 ESC guideline recommends low-to-moderate doses (prednisone 0.2–0.5 mg/kg/day or equivalent) with a particularly slow taper. In a nonrandomized comparison of 100 patients with recurrent pericarditis, prednisone 1.0 mg/kg/day was associated with more severe side effects, recurrences and hospitalizations than 0.2–0.5 mg/kg/day (hazard ratio 3.61). (PubMed PMID: 18645054)

Anakinra and IL-1 Blockade

The 2015 ESC guideline states that IL-1 antagonists may be considered in infection-negative, corticosteroid-dependent recurrent pericarditis. In the AIRTRIP randomized-withdrawal trial, 21 patients with at least 3 previous recurrences, colchicine resistance and corticosteroid dependence received the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (2 mg/kg per day, up to 100 mg) for 2 months; responders were then randomized to continue anakinra or switch to placebo. Recurrence occurred in 2 of 11 patients (18.2%) on anakinra and 9 of 10 (90%) on placebo. Transient injection-site skin reactions occurred in 20 of 21 patients. (PubMed PMID: 27825009)

Rilonacept, a once-weekly IL-1α/β "trap", was tested in the phase 3 RHAPSODY randomized-withdrawal trial: of 61 patients randomized after a response in the run-in period, recurrence occurred in 2 of 30 (7%) on rilonacept and 23 of 31 (74%) on placebo (hazard ratio 0.04). The most common adverse events were injection-site reactions and upper respiratory tract infections. (PubMed PMID: 33200890) A 2022 pharmacology review describes rilonacept as newly approved and indicated for recurrent pericarditis in adults and children 12 years and older. (PubMed PMID: 34459270)

Activity Restriction

The 2015 ESC guideline recommends restricting physical activity beyond ordinary sedentary life in non-athletes until symptoms resolve and CRP normalizes. For athletes, it recommends a minimum restriction of 3 months from the onset of the attack, with return to competitive sport only after symptoms resolve and CRP, ECG and echocardiogram have normalized. (PubMed PMID: 26320112)

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7. Natural and Lifestyle Approaches

Rest and Activity

The guideline's activity restriction is described under Treatment. The sources on this page report no trials comparing different rest regimens in pericarditis.

Nutrition and Supplements

Omega-3 fats from fatty fish, curcumin from turmeric, a Mediterranean-style eating pattern, magnesium, vitamin D, and polyphenols such as quercetin and resveratrol are often discussed for their general anti-inflammatory effects. PubMed searches (October 2026) found no randomized trial of any of them as a treatment for pericarditis, so there is no pericarditis-specific dose or effect to report. Their general research is covered on the linked Magnesium, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Turmeric pages.

Stress and Mind-Body Practices

No trials of meditation, yoga or breathwork in pericarditis were found in PubMed (October 2026).

Factors Linked to Recurrence

• Corticosteroid use during the first attack was an independent risk factor for recurrence in the COPE trial, and the 2015 ESC guideline states that corticosteroids favour recurrences.
• In the ICAP, CORP and CORP-2 trials, recurrence without colchicine (placebo) versus with colchicine was 37.5% vs 16.7% (ICAP), 55% vs 24% (CORP) and 42.5% vs 21.6% (CORP-2).
• Failure of aspirin or NSAIDs was linked to a higher risk of complications, including recurrence, in the Imazio 2007 cohort (hazard ratio 5.50). (PubMed PMID: 17502574)
• Decisions about stopping or changing medicines during recovery belong with a clinician.

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8. Complications and Prognosis

Pericardial Effusion

The 2015 ESC guideline reports pericardial effusion in up to 60% of acute pericarditis cases, generally mild; the Cremer 2024 review likewise gives about 60%, most often small. (PubMed PMID: 26320112; PubMed PMID: 39235771) In a cohort of 453 patients, a large effusion or tamponade was linked to a higher chance of a specific cause (such as tuberculosis, cancer, autoimmune disease or purulent infection; hazard ratio 2.15) and of complications (hazard ratio 2.51). (PubMed PMID: 17502574)

Cardiac Tamponade

Life-threatening hemodynamic collapse from pericardial fluid compressing cardiac chambers and preventing adequate filling. The rate of fluid accumulation matters as well as the volume — slowly accumulating effusions allow the pericardium to stretch. The 2015 ESC guideline lists urgent pericardiocentesis or cardiac surgery for tamponade.

Constrictive Pericarditis

A dreaded long-term complication — the pericardium becomes fibrosed, thickened and sometimes calcified, restricting cardiac filling. In a prospective cohort of 500 patients followed for a median of 72 months, constriction developed in 2 of 416 with idiopathic/viral pericarditis (0.48%) and in 7 of 84 with other causes (8.3%); incidence was 0.76 per 1000 person-years for idiopathic/viral cases, 31.65 for tuberculous and 52.74 for purulent pericarditis. (PubMed PMID: 21844077) The 2015 ESC guideline classes the risk as low (<1%) for idiopathic/presumed viral pericarditis, intermediate (2–5%) for immune-mediated and neoplastic causes, and high (20–30%) for bacterial causes, especially tuberculous and purulent pericarditis. Clinically it mimics right heart failure: elevated JVP, Kussmaul sign, pericardial knock, ascites, and peripheral edema. Treatment is surgical pericardiectomy (removal of the pericardium).

Recurrent Pericarditis

Recurrence is the most common complication of pericarditis (CORP trial report). The 2015 ESC guideline and the Cremer 2024 review give 15–30% after a first episode. Corticosteroid use and the absence of colchicine are linked to more recurrences (see above). The 2015 ESC guideline lists colchicine for at least 6 months in recurrent pericarditis, and IL-1 antagonists may be considered for infection-negative, corticosteroid-dependent cases.

Prognosis

Idiopathic/viral pericarditis generally has a good prognosis: with treatment, 70% to 85% of patients have a benign course, constriction occurs in under 0.5% and tamponade in under 3% (Cremer 2024 review). Across all causes in the Imazio 2007 cohort (453 patients, mean follow-up 31 months), complications occurred in 21.0%: recurrences 18.3%, tamponade 3.1% and constriction 1.5%. In a Finnish national registry of 1,361 hospital admissions for acute pericarditis, in-hospital mortality was 1.1%, rising with age and severe coinfection. (PubMed PMID: 25205801) The 2015 ESC guideline lists major predictors of a poor prognosis — fever >38°C, subacute course, a large effusion (>20 mm diastolic), cardiac tamponade, and failure of NSAIDs within 7 days — and minor predictors: myopericarditis, immunodepression, trauma, and oral anticoagulant therapy. In the Imazio 2007 cohort, fever >38 °C, a subacute course, a large effusion or tamponade, and aspirin or NSAID failure identified patients at higher risk of a specific cause or of complications.

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9. Emergency Warning Signs

Pericarditis is usually managed outside hospital, but the findings below are signs of tamponade or of the high-risk features described in the 2015 ESC guideline, which clinical sources treat as reasons for immediate emergency evaluation:

• Cardiac tamponade symptoms: Severe shortness of breath, extreme weakness, near-fainting, or collapse — especially with known pericardial effusion
• Beck's triad: Hypotension + jugular venous distension + muffled heart sounds
• Pulsus paradoxus: Significant drop in blood pressure with inhalation (>10 mmHg) detected by patient or clinician
• Rapidly worsening chest pain not relieved by sitting forward — which can also point to a heart attack or myocardial involvement
• High fever (>38 °C): a major high-risk feature in the 2015 ESC guideline, linked to specific causes such as bacterial (purulent) or tuberculous pericarditis
• Syncope or near-syncope: Suggests tamponade or arrhythmia
• No improvement after 1 week of aspirin or NSAID therapy (a major high-risk feature in the guideline)
• Signs of shock: Pale skin, cold and clammy extremities, rapid weak pulse, altered mental status

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Key Research Papers

The following peer-reviewed studies and PubMed searches cover the key evidence base for pericarditis diagnosis and management:

1. Imazio M, et al. A randomized trial of colchicine for acute pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(16):1522–1528. — ICAP trial; colchicine lowered incessant or recurrent pericarditis from 37.5% to 16.7%. — PubMed PMID: 23992557
2. Imazio M, et al. Colchicine for recurrent pericarditis (CORP): a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(7):409–414. — PubMed PMID: 21873705
3. Imazio M, et al. Colchicine as first-choice therapy for recurrent pericarditis: results of the CORE (COlchicine for REcurrent pericarditis) trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(17):1987–1991. — PubMed PMID: 16186468
4. Imazio M, et al. Colchicine in addition to conventional therapy for acute pericarditis: results of the COlchicine for acute PEricarditis (COPE) trial. Circulation. 2005;112(13):2012–2016. — PubMed PMID: 16186437
5. Adler Y, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921–2964. — PubMed PMID: 26320112 (a 2025 ESC guideline on myocarditis and pericarditis has since been published: Schulz-Menger J, et al. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(40):3952–4041 — PubMed PMID: 40878297)
6. Imazio M, et al. Indicators of poor prognosis of acute pericarditis. Circulation. 2007;115(21):2739–2744. — PubMed PMID: 17502574
7. Imazio M, et al. Corticosteroids for recurrent pericarditis: high versus low doses: a nonrandomized observation. Circulation. 2008;118(6):667–671. — PubMed PMID: 18645054
8. Kytö V, et al. Clinical profile and influences on outcomes in patients hospitalized for acute pericarditis. Circulation. 2014;130(18):1601–1606. — PubMed PMID: 25205801
9. Klein AL, et al. American Society of Echocardiography clinical recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with pericardial disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(9):965–1012. — PubMed PMID: 23998693
10. Klein AL, et al. Phase 3 trial of interleukin-1 trap rilonacept in recurrent pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(1):31–41 — RHAPSODY trial. — PubMed PMID: 33200890
11. Brucato A, et al. Effect of anakinra on recurrent pericarditis among patients with colchicine resistance and corticosteroid dependence: the AIRTRIP randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(18):1906–1912. — PubMed PMID: 27825009
12. Imazio M, et al. Efficacy and safety of colchicine for treatment of multiple recurrences of pericarditis (CORP-2): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9936):2232–2237. — PubMed PMID: 24694983
13. Imazio M, et al. Risk of constrictive pericarditis after acute pericarditis. Circulation. 2011;124(11):1270–1275. — PubMed PMID: 21844077
14. Cremer PC, Klein AL, Imazio M. Diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of pericarditis: a review. JAMA. 2024;332(13):1090–1100. — PubMed PMID: 39235771
15. Witting MD, et al. Evaluation of Spodick's sign and other electrocardiographic findings as indicators of STEMI and pericarditis. J Emerg Med. 2020;58(4):562–569. — PubMed PMID: 32222321
16. Tuon FF, et al. Adenosine deaminase and tuberculous pericarditis — a systematic review with meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2006;99(1):67–74. — PubMed PMID: 16950165
17. Schwier NC. Rilonacept: a newly approved treatment for recurrent pericarditis. Ann Pharmacother. 2022;56(5):572–581. — PubMed PMID: 34459270

PubMed searches for further reading:

1. PubMed: Pericarditis diagnosis and treatment
2. PubMed: Recurrent pericarditis colchicine
3. PubMed: Constrictive pericarditis
4. PubMed: Pericardial effusion tamponade
5. PubMed: Tuberculous pericarditis
6. PubMed: Pericarditis ECG findings

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Connections

• Cardiology
• Myocarditis
• Endocarditis
• Arrhythmia
• Atrial Fibrillation
• Cardiomyopathy
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Heart Failure
• Hypertension
• Valvular Heart Disease
• Heart Block
• Lupus
• Sarcoidosis
• Chest Pain
• Magnesium
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids
• Turmeric (Curcumin)
• Restrictive Cardiomyopathy — the stiff-heart-muscle disease that mimics constrictive pericarditis; telling them apart decides whether surgery cures the patient.

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