Pediatrics

Pediatrics covers diseases and developmental conditions that primarily affect infants, children, and adolescents — from congenital and neonatal disorders to childhood infections and neurodevelopmental conditions.

• ADHD — attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, stimulant and non-stimulant therapy, behavioral interventions
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) — social communication differences, DSM-5 levels, early behavioral intervention
• Biliary Atresia — progressive neonatal cholestasis, Kasai portoenterostomy, liver transplant
• Bronchiolitis — RSV-driven small-airway inflammation, wheezing in infants, supportive care
• Cerebral Palsy — non-progressive motor disorder of early brain injury, GMFCS levels, spasticity management
• Congenital Heart Disease — structural cardiac defects (VSD, ASD, tetralogy), surgical and catheter repair
• Congenital Hypothyroidism — newborn screening, early levothyroxine, prevention of intellectual disability
• Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) — barking cough, inspiratory stridor, dexamethasone
• Cystic Fibrosis — CFTR mutations, CFTR modulators, pulmonary and pancreatic disease
• Febrile Seizures — simple vs complex, generally benign course, evaluation criteria
• Galactosemia — GALT deficiency, neonatal liver failure, galactose-free diet
• Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis) — palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, nephritis
• Hirschsprung's Disease — congenital aganglionic megacolon, neonatal obstruction, pull-through surgery
• Intussusception — telescoping bowel obstruction, target sign on ultrasound, air enema
• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) — childhood arthritis subtypes, uveitis screening, biologics
• Kawasaki Disease — medium-vessel vasculitis, coronary artery aneurysm risk, IVIG and aspirin
• Necrotizing Enterocolitis — premature-infant intestinal necrosis, pneumatosis intestinalis, surgical emergency
• Neonatal Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) — physiologic vs pathologic, phototherapy, kernicterus prevention
• Neonatal Sepsis — early- vs late-onset, group B streptococcus, empiric antibiotics
• Pertussis (Whooping Cough) — Bordetella pertussis, paroxysmal cough, macrolides, Tdap vaccination
• Pyloric Stenosis — projectile vomiting, palpable "olive," pyloromyotomy
• Rotavirus — infantile gastroenteritis, vaccine-preventable, oral rehydration
• RSV Bronchiolitis — respiratory syncytial virus, nirsevimab prophylaxis, infant wheezing
• Spina Bifida — neural tube defect, folate prevention, myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus