Febrile Seizures

Overview and Epidemiology

Febrile seizures are the most common seizure disorder of childhood, occurring in approximately 2–5% of children in Western countries, with rates up to 10% in some East Asian and Pacific Island populations. They affect children between 6 months and 5 years of age, with peak incidence between 18 months and 2 years. The condition is defined as a seizure associated with fever (>38°C / 100.4°F) in a child within this age range who does not have a known seizure disorder, central nervous system infection, or metabolic cause.

Despite being terrifying for parents — a survey consistently finds that 25–35% of parents witnessing a febrile seizure believe their child is dying — febrile seizures have an excellent prognosis in the vast majority of cases. They do not cause brain damage. Simple febrile seizures do not increase the risk of intellectual disability, learning problems, or behavioral disorders. Understanding the nature of febrile seizures is essential for giving parents accurate information and preventing unnecessary treatments.

Febrile seizures account for approximately 25–30% of all new-onset seizures in childhood. They are more common in boys than girls (ratio approximately 1.6:1) and have a strong genetic component — a first-degree family history of febrile seizures increases risk approximately threefold.

The annual incidence peaks in autumn and winter, correlating with the peak circulation of influenza, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and other common viral pathogens that frequently trigger the febrile illness precipitating the seizure.

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Simple vs Complex Febrile Seizures

This distinction is clinically crucial because it determines the urgency of evaluation, the extent of investigation, and the long-term risk counseling given to parents.

Simple febrile seizures (approximately 70–75% of all febrile seizures) have ALL of the following features:

• Generalized onset — typically tonic-clonic; both sides of the body involved simultaneously from the start; no focal features
• Brief duration — less than 15 minutes (most last 1–3 minutes)
• Single episode within the same febrile illness — not recurring within 24 hours
• Return to normal — the child may have brief postictal sleepiness (minutes) but returns fully to their baseline neurological status

Complex febrile seizures have one or more of the following features:

• Focal (partial) onset — unilateral limb shaking, eye deviation, or other focal feature suggests a structural brain lesion or focal cortical pathology and mandates more thorough evaluation
• Prolonged duration >15 minutes (febrile status epilepticus if >30 minutes)
• Multiple episodes within 24 hours or recurrence during the same febrile illness

Complex febrile seizures warrant a more thorough investigation and carry a higher risk of subsequent epilepsy (approximately 10–15% vs 1–2% for simple). A focal complex febrile seizure in a child who is not returning to baseline within 1 hour is treated in hospitals as a reason for urgent neuroimaging — mesial temporal sclerosis (hippocampal injury from prolonged febrile seizure) can occasionally be identified acutely and is an important risk factor for temporal lobe epilepsy later in life.

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Pathophysiology and Genetics

Why does fever trigger seizures in some young children but not others? The answer lies in the intersection of a developmentally immature brain, a temperature-dependent lowering of seizure threshold, and genetic susceptibility.

The developing brain's vulnerability: The immature brain is in a period of high plasticity and synaptic remodeling. Inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic circuits are incompletely developed; the balance between excitation and inhibition is tilted toward excitation in early childhood. This same window of immaturity that makes the brain highly plastic also makes it more susceptible to seizure generation from physiological stresses, including fever.

Temperature-dependent seizure threshold: Elevated brain temperature directly increases neuronal excitability through multiple mechanisms — temperature-sensitive ion channels (particularly temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential channels, TRP channels), altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor function, and increased metabolic demand with relative neuronal oxygen deprivation at peak temperature. Importantly, the rate of temperature rise may matter as much as the absolute temperature: many febrile seizures occur during the rapid temperature rise phase rather than at peak fever, which is why they often occur before parents even realize the child has a fever.

Strong genetic component: Febrile seizures cluster in families. Inheritance is autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance in most families. The most important genes identified are:

• SCN1A (Nav1.1, sodium channel alpha-1 subunit) — mutations cause GEFS+ (Genetic Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus) and Dravet syndrome; Nav1.1 is highly expressed in inhibitory interneurons, so its dysfunction reduces inhibitory tone
• SCN1B (sodium channel beta-1 subunit) — modulates Nav channel expression; mutations associated with febrile seizure families
• GABRG2 (gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor gamma-2 subunit) — mutations reduce gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic inhibition; associated with GEFS+ phenotypes

These genes cluster under the GEFS+ (Genetic Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus) spectrum, which includes: simple febrile seizures (most common, best prognosis), febrile seizures persisting beyond age 6, and various epilepsy syndromes including the severe end, Dravet syndrome (SCN1A mutations causing febrile seizures in the first year of life that become intractable epilepsy — a red flag diagnosis not to miss).

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Fever Sources and Triggering Illnesses

Any febrile illness can trigger a febrile seizure, but the most common triggers are familiar childhood viral infections. Knowing the likely etiology helps parents understand that febrile seizures are not caused by unusual or dangerous infections in most cases.

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) — the most frequent cause of first febrile seizure. HHV-6 causes roseola infantum (exanthem subitum), characterized by 3–5 days of high fever followed by a characteristic spreading maculopapular rash as the fever breaks. The seizure typically occurs during the high-fever phase. HHV-6 is estimated to cause one-third of all febrile seizures in the first 2 years of life — it has a high specific seizurogenicity not fully explained by the degree of fever alone, suggesting the virus directly affects neuronal excitability.

Influenza A and B — particularly prone to causing very high fevers and higher seizure rates than many other respiratory viruses. Influenza-associated febrile seizures are a recognized entity; encephalopathy and seizures are established extra-pulmonary complications of influenza even in the absence of direct central nervous system (CNS) infection.

Other common viral triggers: adenovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, rhinovirus. Bacterial infections (otitis media, urinary tract infection, streptococcal pharyngitis) can also trigger febrile seizures, though viral illness is more common overall.

The height of fever required to trigger a febrile seizure varies by individual susceptibility. Some children seize at 38.5°C; others never seize despite fevers exceeding 40°C. Most febrile seizures occur with temperatures between 38°C and 40°C — not necessarily the highest fevers.

Post-vaccination febrile seizures: The MMR and MMRV vaccines cause a small but measurable increase in febrile seizure risk 7–14 days post-vaccination (when vaccine-associated fever peaks). The risk is approximately 1 in 3,000 doses for MMR and 1 in 2,500 for MMRV. These are benign and do not represent an increased risk of epilepsy. The risk is substantially lower than the risk of seizures from actual measles, mumps, or varicella infections.

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Clinical Evaluation and When to Do a Lumbar Puncture

The primary goal of the evaluation is to identify serious treatable causes — particularly bacterial meningitis — while avoiding unnecessary investigations that increase parental anxiety and healthcare costs without improving outcomes.

The first febrile seizure requires clinical assessment to determine whether the seizure was truly febrile (temperature-associated, not afebrile), whether it was simple or complex, and whether there are any clinical signs of meningitis or encephalitis. A careful history and physical examination guides everything that follows.

Lumbar puncture (LP) — current guidelines: The AAP guidelines acknowledge that the decision is clinical, not algorithmic. The guidelines describe LP as strongly considered or performed when:

• Clinical signs or symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis are present: neck stiffness, Kernig/Brudzinski signs, petechial rash, photophobia, bulging fontanelle, prolonged or deepening altered consciousness
• The child is under 6 months of age (signs of meningitis are unreliable at this age; fever + seizure mandates evaluation for bacterial meningitis)
• The child is immunocompromised or incompletely vaccinated against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae
• The child received prior antibiotics that may mask meningeal signs
• The child is not returning to normal neurological baseline within 1 hour (prolonged postictal state)

For a well-appearing child aged 6 months to 5 years with a typical simple febrile seizure who returns quickly to normal and has no meningeal signs, LP is not routinely indicated.

Electroencephalogram (EEG): Not indicated and not useful after a simple febrile seizure. Electroencephalogram findings after simple febrile seizures are non-specific, do not predict recurrence or epilepsy, and do not change management. An electroencephalogram may be considered after a complex febrile seizure if there is concern for an underlying epilepsy syndrome.

Neuroimaging: Not indicated after a simple febrile seizure. Computed tomography (CT) or urgent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered after a complex febrile seizure with focal features, prolonged postictal deficit (Todd's paresis), or failure to return to baseline.

Blood tests (glucose, electrolytes, calcium, complete blood count, CBC): Routine laboratory evaluation is not recommended for simple febrile seizures in otherwise well-appearing children. Investigations are guided by the history and examination — e.g., glucose for a child with prolonged altered consciousness, electrolytes if there is concern for hypo/hypernatremia from gastroenteritis.

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Acute Management of the Seizure

Most febrile seizures stop on their own within 1–3 minutes. The priority during the seizure is to keep the child safe and assess whether rescue medication is needed.

During the seizure, first-aid guidance is:

• Placing the child in the recovery position (on their side) to protect the airway from secretions and prevent aspiration
• Putting nothing in the child's mouth — the tongue cannot be "swallowed" and inserting an object risks injury to the child and the caregiver
• Timing the seizure from onset
• Clearing the surrounding area of hazards
• Not forcibly restraining the child's convulsive movements

Rescue medications for seizures lasting >5 minutes (febrile status epilepticus is defined as >30 minutes, but treatment is initiated at 5 minutes because seizures self-terminating within 5 minutes rarely respond to benzodiazepines anyway, whereas prolonged seizures require active intervention):

• Rectal diazepam gel — 0.5 mg/kg rectally (max 20 mg); onset 3–5 minutes; suitable for home use by caregivers; historically the standard rescue agent
• Midazolam intranasal — 0.2–0.3 mg/kg intranasally (atomized); rapid onset (3–5 minutes); preferred over rectal diazepam by many families for obvious practical and dignity reasons; increasingly preferred in guidelines; in a randomized home-use study (Holsti et al., 2010) it worked as well as rectal diazepam, and caregivers found it easier to give
• Midazolam buccal — 0.3 mg/kg applied to the buccal mucosa; similar efficacy to intranasal; available in a licensed midazolam oromucosal solution in the UK and Europe
• Intravenous (IV) lorazepam (0.1 mg/kg) or intravenous diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) — first-line in hospital emergency setting when intravenous access is established

If the seizure persists after benzodiazepine rescue (at 5 minutes), this represents febrile status epilepticus and requires emergency medical attention. Second-line agents (intravenous fosphenytoin, levetiracetam, or phenobarbital) are given according to established status epilepticus protocols.

Emergency signs: emergency services (911) are called for a seizure lasting more than 5 minutes, two or more seizures in the same illness, difficulty breathing during or after the seizure, or any focal features. For a brief typical seizure, parents may bring the child to be evaluated but the seizure itself is not an emergency requiring resuscitation.

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Recurrence Risk and Prognostic Factors

Approximately 30–35% of children who have a febrile seizure will have at least one recurrence. Most recurrences (about two-thirds) happen within 1 year; nearly all happen within 2 years. A child who has had two febrile seizures has approximately a 50% chance of a third.

The following risk factors independently increase recurrence risk:

• Age under 1 year at first febrile seizure — the single strongest predictor; a child under 12 months has roughly a 50% recurrence risk vs 20–25% for a child aged 3–4 years at first seizure
• Family history of febrile seizures in a first-degree relative — approximately doubles recurrence risk
• Low fever temperature at time of seizure (<40°C) — counterintuitively, children who seize at a relatively lower temperature appear to have a lower seizure threshold and thus higher recurrence risk
• Brief duration of fever before seizure — seizing within 1 hour of fever onset suggests the seizure threshold is particularly sensitive to rapid temperature rises

Using these four factors: in a prospective study of 428 children followed for at least 2 years (Berg et al., 1997, PMID 9111436), 31.8% had a recurrence, and combining the four factors separated children with a greater than 70% chance of any recurrence from those with a less than 20% chance, and children with a greater than 60% chance of two or more recurrences from those with a less than 10% chance.

Recurrent febrile seizures do not increase the risk of epilepsy, brain injury, or intellectual disability compared to a single febrile seizure. Each recurrence is as benign as the first. This information is important for parents who may develop heightened anxiety after a second seizure.

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Risk of Epilepsy

The question parents invariably ask is: "Will my child develop epilepsy?" In the vast majority of cases, the honest and reassuring answer is no.

The risk of developing epilepsy (unprovoked, afebrile seizures) after febrile seizures:

• General population: approximately 1–1.5%
• After a simple febrile seizure: approximately 1–2% — barely different from the background population risk
• After a complex febrile seizure: approximately 4–6% overall; up to 10–15% if multiple complex features are present

Factors that significantly raise the risk of subsequent epilepsy:

• Neurodevelopmental abnormality pre-existing the febrile seizure — children with developmental delay or pre-existing neurological conditions have a much higher base rate of epilepsy regardless of febrile seizures
• Family history of epilepsy (not just febrile seizures)
• Complex febrile seizure features — particularly focal onset and prolonged duration
• Mesial temporal sclerosis — there is a long-established association between prolonged febrile seizures (febrile status epilepticus) in the first 5 years of life and subsequent mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis). The FEBSTAT study (Pediatric Emergency Research Networks) found magnetic resonance imaging-detectable hippocampal injury in about 1 in 9 children (22 of 191, 11.5%) after febrile status epilepticus, against none of 96 children after a simple febrile seizure; the study’s follow-up of later epilepsy was still in progress when these MRI results were published (Shinnar et al., 2012, PMID 22843278). Whether the prolonged seizure CAUSES the hippocampal sclerosis or whether the sclerosis was pre-existing and predisposed to prolonged seizures remains debated.

For the typical child with a simple febrile seizure and no risk factors: the risk of epilepsy is essentially that of the general population. Parents who have been told their child "might develop epilepsy" often live in unnecessary fear; correcting this misperception is a clinically important part of the visit.

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Antipyretics and Prophylactic Anticonvulsants

This section addresses the two most common parental questions after a febrile seizure: "Will fever-reducing medicine prevent another seizure?" and "Should my child take seizure medicine to prevent recurrence?"

Antipyretics (acetaminophen/paracetamol and ibuprofen) do NOT prevent febrile seizure recurrence. This has been established by multiple randomized controlled trials. The most rigorous, the Finnish study by Uhari et al. (1995, PMID 7776115), randomized 180 children with first febrile seizures to acetaminophen vs placebo during subsequent febrile illnesses and found no difference in recurrence rates. A subsequent Cochrane review confirmed this finding. The biological reason is intuitive: most febrile seizures occur in the very early phase of a rapidly rising temperature, before parents even know the child has a fever and long before a dose of antipyretic could reduce temperature.

Antipyretics remain appropriate for comfort management of fever and its associated symptoms (irritability, pain), but giving acetaminophen to "prevent a seizure" in later fevers was not effective in these trials, and advice to do so creates anxiety around every fever episode in a family already stressed by having witnessed a seizure.

A second seizure in the same fever. The trials above tested later fever episodes. A 2018 Japanese randomized study (open-label, single centre, no placebo) of 423 children looked instead at the same fever: rectal acetaminophen 10 mg/kg every 6 hours for 24 hours after a febrile seizure lowered a second seizure during that fever from 23.5% to 9.1% (Murata et al., 2018, PMID 30297499).

Prophylactic anticonvulsants are not recommended by the AAP guideline for simple febrile seizures. The potential benefit (modest reduction in recurrence risk) does not outweigh the side effects of daily anticonvulsant therapy:

• Phenobarbital — effective at reducing recurrence but causes behavioral problems, hyperactivity, and cognitive side effects in a significant proportion of children
• Valproic acid — some evidence of efficacy but hepatotoxicity risk, weight gain, and thrombocytopenia are unacceptable risks given the benign nature of simple febrile seizures

Intermittent oral diazepam at the onset of fever (0.33 mg/kg every 8 hours for 48 hours during febrile illness) modestly reduces recurrence in high-risk children (relative risk 0.56, a 44% reduction, in the trial by Rosman et al., 1993, PMID 8510706, in which 39% of children taking it had unsteadiness, lethargy or irritability). However, it causes significant sedation during the febrile illness itself — precisely when parents and physicians most need to assess the child's level of consciousness and clinical status. Its use is controversial and not widely recommended.

The 2021 Cochrane review. Pooling 32 randomized trials (4,431 children), the review found that intermittent diazepam lowered recurrences (12-month risk ratio 0.69) and continuous phenobarbital did too, with adverse effects recorded in up to 30% of children on phenobarbital and 36% on benzodiazepines. Ibuprofen and the other fever medicines tested showed no significant benefit. Intermittent levetiracetam lowered recurrences in one small trial of very low certainty, which the review treats as needing further study (Offringa et al., 2021, PMID 34131913).

The exception: Dravet syndrome. A child with an apparent febrile seizure who is under 12 months, has an unusually prolonged seizure, is unilateral or alternating hemiclonic, and has recurrent febrile seizures in the first year of life is the pattern that raises suspicion for Dravet syndrome (SMEI — severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy), and SCN1A genetic testing is used to confirm it. Sodium channel blockers (phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine) are contraindicated in Dravet and can worsen seizures; valproate and clobazam are first-line. Three medicines added on top of the usual drugs have been tested in randomized placebo-controlled trials in Dravet syndrome: stiripentol (71% of children responded versus 5% on placebo; Chiron et al., 2000, PMID 11089822), cannabidiol (convulsive seizures fell from a median 12.4 to 5.9 a month versus 14.9 to 14.1 on placebo; Devinsky et al., 2017, PMID 28538134) and fenfluramine 0.7 mg/kg/day (a median 74.9% fewer convulsive seizures versus 19.2% on placebo, with heart-valve function within the normal range in all patients during the trial; Lagae et al., 2019, PMID 31862249).

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Key Research Papers

1. Uhari M, Rantala H, Vainionpää L, Kurttila R, 1995 — Effect of acetaminophen and of low intermittent doses of diazepam on prevention of recurrences of febrile seizures — J Pediatr. 1995;126(6):991-995 — Placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in 180 children followed for 2 years after a first febrile seizure; acetaminophen had no effect on the recurrence rate, and low doses of diazepam did not lower it either. — PubMed PMID: 7776115
2. Rosman NP, Colton T, Labazzo J, et al., 1993 — A controlled trial of diazepam administered during febrile illnesses to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures — N Engl J Med. 1993;329(2):79-84 — Randomized trial in 406 children: oral diazepam given during fevers lowered the risk of febrile seizures by 44% (relative risk 0.56); 39% of children who took it had unsteadiness, lethargy or irritability. — PubMed PMID: 8510706
3. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures, 1999 — Practice parameter: long-term treatment of the child with simple febrile seizures — Pediatrics. 1999;103(6 Pt 1):1307-1309 — AAP guideline concluding that neither continuous nor intermittent anticonvulsant prophylaxis is recommended for simple febrile seizures given the benign natural history. — PubMed PMID: 10353950
4. American Academy of Pediatrics, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures, 2008 — Febrile seizures: clinical practice guideline for the long-term management of the child with simple febrile seizures — Pediatrics. 2008;121(6):1281-1286 — Revision of the 1999 practice parameter, covering continuous and intermittent anticonvulsant therapy and antipyretics in simple febrile seizures. — PubMed PMID: 18519501
5. American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures, 2011 — Neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure — Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):389-394 — AAP 2011 clinical practice guideline for children 6 through 60 months; a simple febrile seizure does not usually require electroencephalography, blood studies or neuroimaging, and lumbar puncture is performed when there are signs or symptoms of concern. — PubMed PMID: 21285335
6. Berg AT, Shinnar S, 1996 — Complex febrile seizures — Epilepsia. 1996;37(2):126-133 — Prospective cohort study: 35% of first and 33% of recurrent febrile seizures had at least one complex feature, focal onset and long duration often went together, and complex features tended to repeat in children with recurrences. — PubMed PMID: 8635422
7. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Darefsky AS, et al., 1997 — Predictors of recurrent febrile seizures. A prospective cohort study — Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(4):371-378 — 428 children followed for 2 or more years; 31.8% had a recurrence; young age, a family history of febrile seizures, a low fever and a short time from fever onset to seizure predicted recurrence. — PubMed PMID: 9111436
8. Verity CM, Greenwood R, Golding J, 1998 — Long-term intellectual and behavioral outcomes of children with febrile convulsions — N Engl J Med. 1998;338(24):1723-1728 — Large UK birth cohort study; children who had febrile convulsions performed as well as other children in academic progress, intellect and behavior at 10 years of age. — PubMed PMID: 9624192
9. Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE, 2007 — Febrile seizures — BMJ. 2007;334(7588):307-311 — Accessible clinical review covering genetics (SCN1A, GABRG2, GEFS+ spectrum), risk stratification, and management with emphasis on counseling. — PubMed PMID: 17289734
10. Shinnar S, Bello JA, Chan S, et al.; FEBSTAT Study Team, 2012 — MRI abnormalities following febrile status epilepticus in children: the FEBSTAT study — Neurology. 2012;79(9):871-877 — FEBSTAT multicenter prospective study; 22 of 191 children (11.5%) had increased hippocampal signal on MRI after febrile status epilepticus, versus none of 96 controls; follow-up of long-term outcomes was in progress. — PubMed PMID: 22843278
11. Annegers JF et al., 1987 — Factors prognostic of unprovoked seizures after febrile convulsions — New England Journal of Medicine — Classic Rochester epidemiology study quantifying epilepsy risk after febrile seizures; established the ~2% population-level risk that forms the basis for modern counseling. — PubMed PMID: 3807992
12. Barone SR, Kaplan MH, Krilov LR, 1995 — Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children with first febrile seizures — J Pediatr. 1995;127(1):95-97 — Prospective study of 42 children with first febrile convulsions; 11 had acute HHV-6 infection, which the authors describe as a frequent cause of febrile convulsions in young children. — PubMed PMID: 7608818
13. Holsti M, Dudley N, Schunk J, et al., 2010 — Intranasal midazolam vs rectal diazepam for the home treatment of acute seizures in pediatric patients with epilepsy — Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(8):747-753 — Randomized study of home rescue treatment; no detectable difference in efficacy between intranasal midazolam and rectal diazepam, and caregivers found intranasal midazolam easier to give and were more satisfied with it. — PubMed PMID: 20679166
14. Murata S, Okasora K, Tanabe T, et al., 2018 — Acetaminophen and Febrile Seizure Recurrences During the Same Fever Episode — Pediatrics. 2018;142(5) — Open, single-centre randomized study of 423 children; rectal acetaminophen every 6 hours for 24 hours lowered a second seizure in the same fever from 23.5% to 9.1%. — PubMed PMID: 30297499
15. Offringa M, Newton R, Nevitt SJ, Vraka K, 2021 — Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children — Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;6:CD003031 — Cochrane review of 32 randomized trials (4,431 children); intermittent diazepam and continuous phenobarbital reduced recurrences, with adverse effects in up to 30% of phenobarbital-treated and 36% of benzodiazepine-treated children. — PubMed PMID: 34131913
16. Chiron C, Marchand MC, Tran A, et al., 2000 — Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial — Lancet. 2000;356(9242):1638-1642 — 41 children with Dravet syndrome; 71% responded to add-on stiripentol versus 5% on placebo. — PubMed PMID: 11089822
17. Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, et al., 2017 — Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome — N Engl J Med. 2017;376(21):2011-2020 — 120 children and young adults; convulsive seizures fell from a median 12.4 to 5.9 a month with cannabidiol versus 14.9 to 14.1 with placebo. — PubMed PMID: 28538134
18. Lagae L, Sullivan J, Knupp K, et al., 2019 — Fenfluramine hydrochloride for the treatment of seizures in Dravet syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial — Lancet. 2019;394(10216):2243-2254 — 119 patients; median 74.9% fewer convulsive seizures with fenfluramine 0.7 mg/kg/day versus 19.2% with placebo; heart valves stayed within the normal range during the trial. — PubMed PMID: 31862249

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Connections

• Pediatrics
• Neonatal Jaundice
• Pyloric Stenosis
• Croup
• Kawasaki Disease
• Neurology
• Infectious Disease
• Epilepsy

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