Night Sweats (Nocturnal Hyperhidrosis)

Table of Contents

1. Overview
2. Red-Flag Causes
3. Hormonal and Endocrine Causes
4. Medication-Related Causes
5. Benign and Environmental Causes
6. Evaluation and Workup
7. Management
8. Signs That Point to a Serious Cause
9. Connections
10. Key Research Papers
11. Featured Videos

Overview

Night sweats (nocturnal hyperhidrosis) are episodes of excessive sweating during sleep that soak through clothing and bedding. They are distinct from simply feeling warm at night — true night sweats require changing sleepwear or sheets and are medically significant when they recur without an obvious environmental cause such as an overheated room or heavy blankets.

Night sweats are common. In a survey of 2,267 adult primary care patients, 41% reported night sweats in the last month: 23% at night only and another 18% with day sweats too. A majority had not told their doctors, even when the sweats were frequent and severe. The causes usually named are benign or treatable: menopause, medications, anxiety, or a too-warm sleep environment. A 2012 systematic review adds a limit to that list: "Although many clinical causes have been suggested, most are not well supported", and a 2010 paper by the same lead author states, "In most cases the cause of night sweats is unknown". Persistent, drenching, unexplained night sweats — especially when accompanied by fever, unintentional weight loss, or swollen lymph nodes — are the pattern clinicians investigate for malignancy, serious infection, and endocrine disorders.

Two groups of people over 65 (682 and 852 people) were followed for an average of 7.3 and 7.5 years. Those who reported night sweats were not more likely to die or to die sooner than those who did not, after allowing for age, sex, body mass index, education and income, and this also held for more severe sweats in the group where severity was measured. The 2012 review calls the symptom nonspecific and says step-by-step testing plans for it are not evidence-based.

This page walks through the full spectrum of causes, from immediately life-threatening to simple lifestyle fixes, and explains the tests commonly ordered.

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Red-Flag Causes

The following causes are less common but serious. Night sweats together with any of the features listed below are signs of serious disease.

Lymphoma

Night sweats are one of the classic "B symptoms" of lymphoma — the triad of drenching night sweats, unexplained fever above 38°C (100.4°F), and unintentional weight loss of more than 10% of body weight over six months. Both Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can produce B symptoms, though Hodgkin's is particularly known for them. The night sweats in lymphoma are typically severe (soaking the bed), recurrent, and often accompanied by painless enlarged lymph nodes (in the neck, armpits, or groin), itching (pruritus), and fatigue. Any combination of these features is what leads clinicians to order blood work and computed tomography (CT) imaging.

Tuberculosis

Active tuberculosis — both primary infection and reactivation disease — classically presents with constitutional symptoms: night sweats, low-grade fever, productive cough, blood-tinged sputum (hemoptysis), and gradual weight loss. Night sweats in tuberculosis (TB) tend to be drenching and are part of the body's immune response to the mycobacterium. Risk factors include close contact with someone who has tuberculosis, birth or residence in a high-prevalence country, immunosuppression, homelessness, incarceration, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Evaluation includes tuberculin skin testing (TST) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) plus chest imaging.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Night sweats can occur at two distinct stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection. During acute retroviral syndrome — the flu-like illness that occurs two to four weeks after initial human immunodeficiency virus exposure — symptoms include fever, rash, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches, and night sweats. Later, in advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS), night sweats are common and may signal opportunistic infections including disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), or lymphoma. Human immunodeficiency virus testing is appropriate for any unexplained night sweats in someone with risk factors or without a recent negative test.

Other Serious Infections

• Endocarditis — infection of the heart valves; presents with fever, a new or changing heart murmur, embolic phenomena (small strokes, painful finger/toe lesions), and night sweats. Blood cultures are essential.
• Brucellosis — caused by Brucella species from unpasteurized dairy or animal contact; produces an undulating fever, profuse night sweats, and joint pain. Often underdiagnosed.
• Malaria — cyclic fevers with chills and drenching sweats, corresponding to the erythrocyte lysis cycle; travel history is critical.
• Histoplasmosis — fungal infection endemic to the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, acquired from bat or bird droppings; disseminated disease causes night sweats, fever, and weight loss especially in immunocompromised patients.

Other Malignancies

• Carcinoid syndrome — neuroendocrine tumors release serotonin and other vasoactive substances; episodes of flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, and sweating; diagnosed with 24-hour urine 5-HIAA and chromogranin A.
• Pheochromocytoma — adrenal tumor releasing catecholamines; the classic triad is episodic severe headache, palpitations, and diaphoresis (sweating), often with hypertension; screened with plasma free metanephrines.
• Renal cell carcinoma — hematuria, flank mass, and weight loss are the classic triad, but constitutional symptoms including fever and night sweats are common in advanced disease.
• Leukemia — bone marrow infiltration causes systemic symptoms including fever, fatigue, bleeding, and night sweats; complete blood count (CBC) with differential is the key first test.

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Hormonal and Endocrine Causes

Hormonal changes are among the most common identifiable causes of night sweats, particularly in women.

Menopause and Perimenopause

Hot flashes and night sweats are the hallmark vasomotor symptoms of menopause and the perimenopausal transition. They affect up to 75-80% of women. The mechanism involves disrupted hypothalamic thermoregulation: declining estrogen narrows the thermoneutral zone so that small increases in core body temperature trigger a heat-dissipation response — sudden intense flushing from the chest, neck, and face accompanied by profuse sweating, lasting two to five minutes. At night, these episodes disturb sleep and soak bedding. In the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (1,449 women with frequent symptoms), the median total duration was 7.4 years, with a median of 4.5 years after the final menstrual period. Women who were premenopausal or early perimenopausal when frequent symptoms began had the longest course: a median of more than 11.8 years in total and 9.4 years after the final period. African American women reported the longest total duration of any group, a median of 10.1 years. Symptoms are more severe in women who undergo surgical menopause.

Treatment options include:

• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) — the most effective treatment; estrogen alone (for women without a uterus) or combined estrogen plus progestogen. US labels list increased risks of lung clots, leg-vein clots, stroke and heart attack with estrogen plus progestin, and the treatment is contraindicated with breast cancer or a past history of it, active or past blood clots, stroke or heart attack, liver disease, and unexplained genital bleeding. An older estradiol tablet label still warns that estrogens increase the risk of endometrial cancer. A label for estradiol plus progesterone revised in February 2026 removed its boxed warning and states that the timing of the start can change the balance of risk and benefit, naming women under 60 or within 10 years of the onset of menopause.
• Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) — venlafaxine (37.5-75 mg/day) and desvenlafaxine reduce hot flashes; in a 4-week Lancet trial of women with a history of breast cancer or a fear of hormone treatment, the median hot flash score (number and severity combined) fell 27% on placebo, 37% at 37.5 mg, 61% at 75 mg and 61% at 150 mg, with more dry mouth, poor appetite, nausea and constipation at the two higher doses; used when hormone replacement therapy is contraindicated.
• Gabapentin — 300 mg at bedtime; modest efficacy; used when serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are not tolerated.
• Clonidine — alpha-2 agonist; reduces hot flash frequency; side effects include dry mouth and dizziness.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy — improves perceived severity and sleep quality independent of frequency reduction.
• Fezolinetant — a non-hormone pill (first US approval 2023) that blocks the neurokinin 3 receptor, a brain signal behind hot flashes. In a 12-week phase 3 trial, moderate-to-severe episodes fell about 2.4 (30 mg) to 2.6 (45 mg) a day more than on placebo. The US label carries a boxed warning for liver injury reported after marketing, with liver blood tests listed before starting, monthly for the first 3 months, then at 6 and 9 months. It is contraindicated with cirrhosis, severe kidney impairment and CYP1A2-inhibiting drugs.
• Elinzanetant — a non-hormone capsule (first US approval 2025) that blocks neurokinin 1 and 3 receptors. In two phase 3 trials, moderate-to-severe episodes fell about 3.2 a day more than on placebo at week 12, and sleep disturbance improved. The US label lists drowsiness, raised liver enzymes (blood tests before starting and at 3 months) and is contraindicated in pregnancy because it may cause pregnancy loss.
• Oxybutynin — an anticholinergic pill also used for overactive bladder. In a 6-week trial of 150 women, 65% of them on tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor, the weekly hot flash score fell 16.9 on 5 mg twice a day and 10.6 on 2.5 mg twice a day, against 5.7 on placebo. Dry mouth, difficulty urinating and abdominal pain were more common on the drug.

Andropause (Male Hypogonadism)

Men with late-onset hypogonadism (declining testosterone) can experience hot flashes and night sweats, though less commonly than menopausal women. Night sweats in this context are often accompanied by fatigue, reduced libido, mood changes, and loss of muscle mass. Evaluation includes morning total testosterone with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Testosterone replacement therapy resolves vasomotor symptoms in confirmed hypogonadism.

Hyperthyroidism

Excess thyroid hormone raises the basal metabolic rate and produces heat intolerance, generalized sweating (including at night), palpitations, unintended weight loss despite increased appetite, tremor, and anxiety. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the key screening test and is among the tests listed for unexplained night sweats. Causes include Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and thyroiditis.

Nocturnal Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar at night triggers epinephrine release, which causes sweating, shakiness, and waking at 2-3 AM feeling clammy and hungry. This is most common in people with diabetes who use insulin or sulfonylureas (e.g., glipizide, glyburide). Contributing factors include too much basal insulin, skipping a bedtime snack, or alcohol use (which blocks gluconeogenesis). Approaches include checking bedtime and 3 AM blood glucose, using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), adjusting basal insulin dose, and consuming a protein-containing bedtime snack.

Pheochromocytoma

This rare adrenal tumor secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in bursts, causing paroxysmal episodes of hypertension, severe headache, palpitations, and diaphoresis — the classic triad. Sweating may occur during episodes or persistently. Plasma free metanephrines have a sensitivity exceeding 95% for pheochromocytoma and are the preferred screening test. Surgical resection is curative.

Carcinoid Syndrome

Carcinoid tumors (well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, most commonly in the small intestine or appendix) release serotonin and other mediators when they have metastasized to the liver. The resulting carcinoid syndrome causes episodic flushing, watery diarrhea, bronchospasm, and right-sided valvular heart disease. Sweating and flushing are closely linked. Diagnosis relies on 24-hour urine 5-HIAA, chromogranin A, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy or positron emission tomography (PET) scan.

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Medication-Related Causes

Many commonly prescribed drugs cause night sweats as a side effect, so the complete medication list is part of the evaluation of unexplained night sweats.

Antidepressants (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors)

This is one of the most common medication-related causes. Up to 20% of patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors report excessive sweating, which can be particularly bothersome at night. The mechanism involves serotonin-mediated activation of autonomic pathways controlling sweat glands. Venlafaxine, paroxetine, and sertraline are most frequently implicated. Sweating typically persists throughout the duration of treatment (it does not diminish with time). Options include:

• Reducing the dose if clinically tolerable.
• Switching to bupropion (dopaminergic/noradrenergic; much lower rate of sweating).
• Adding cyproheptadine 2-4 mg at bedtime (serotonin antagonist; limited evidence but often effective).
• Adding terazosin 1-2 mg at bedtime (alpha-blocker; some evidence for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sweating; the 2012 systematic review states that "Alpha adrenergic blockers may reduce night sweats in patients taking serotonin reuptake inhibitors").

Tamoxifen and Aromatase Inhibitors

Women being treated for hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer with tamoxifen (an estrogen receptor modulator) or aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane) frequently experience hot flashes and night sweats — in 60-80% of treated women. These drugs block estrogen action or production, inducing a pharmacological menopause. Hormone replacement therapy is generally contraindicated in this setting. Alternatives include venlafaxine, gabapentin, and clonidine. In a 4-week double-blind trial with 64 assessable breast cancer patients, the median number of hot flashes fell by 7.6 a day on venlafaxine 37.5 mg twice a day and by 4.85 a day on clonidine 0.075 mg twice a day.

Opioids

Opioid-induced diaphoresis is common and occurs through central and peripheral mechanisms. Night sweats can persist throughout opioid therapy. Naltrexone-based strategies (ultra-low-dose naltrexone added to opioid regimens) have been explored. Buprenorphine is sometimes associated with less sweating than full agonists.

Corticosteroids and Their Withdrawal

Prolonged corticosteroid use suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Rapid taper or abrupt discontinuation can precipitate adrenal insufficiency, characterized by fatigue, nausea, dizziness, and sweating (including nocturnal). A gradual taper is essential after more than two to three weeks of corticosteroid use. Corticosteroids can also cause nocturnal hyperglycemia, leading to hypoglycemic sweating in the early morning hours as insulin counterregulation overshoots.

Other Medications

• Aspirin and acetaminophen taken at bedtime for fever reduction work by promoting heat dissipation through sweating — the mechanism is therapeutic, but the sweating can be dramatic.
• Nicotinic acid (niacin) — prostaglandin-mediated flushing and sweating, particularly at doses used for dyslipidemia.
• Sildenafil — vasodilation and flushing.
• Tricyclic antidepressants — anticholinergic rebound sweating.
• Leuprolide and other GnRH agonists — pharmacological menopause/andropause in cancer treatment.

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Benign and Environmental Causes

These causes are common, often overlooked, and often easy to change.

Sleep Environment

The simplest explanation is often the correct one. A bedroom that is too warm, heavy synthetic bedding, a mattress with poor heat dissipation, or sleeping next to another person all raise the ambient sleeping temperature enough to trigger sweating. Electric blankets and memory foam mattresses trap heat. Changes people describe include lowering the thermostat to 65-68°F (18-20°C), switching to lightweight cotton or moisture-wicking sheets, using a breathable mattress topper, and wearing light natural-fiber sleepwear.

Alcohol

Alcohol causes cutaneous vasodilation and impairs the body's normal thermoregulatory responses, leading to sweating while falling asleep and upon waking. In alcohol use disorder, autonomic instability during minor withdrawal (including early-morning hours after drinking stops) produces diaphoresis, shakiness, and anxiety. Alcohol also suppresses REM sleep and causes sleep fragmentation with early awakenings accompanied by sweating.

Anxiety and Panic Disorder

Autonomic hyperactivity — the hallmark of anxiety — produces palpitations, sweating, and flushing during the day and can also occur at night. Nocturnal panic attacks, though less common than daytime ones, produce sudden awakening with intense fear, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and drenching sweats. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or cognitive behavioral therapy addresses both the anxiety and the nocturnal sweating.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Night sweats are associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Each apneic episode ends with a partial arousal and an autonomic surge (epinephrine release) that can cause diaphoresis. In an Icelandic cohort, frequent night sweating (three or more times a week) was reported by 30.6% of men and 33.3% of women with untreated obstructive sleep apnea, against 9.3% and 12.4% in the general population. With full use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy it fell from 33.2% to 11.5%, down to general population levels. A common screen is the STOP-BANG questionnaire (Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, body mass index (BMI), Age, Neck circumference, Gender); polysomnography or home sleep testing confirms the diagnosis.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Whether gastroesophageal reflux disease directly causes sweating is unsettled: a 2003 review lists it among the diagnoses to consider for night sweats. Nocturnal acid reflux also wakes patients with symptoms that can be confused with night sweats (heartburn, regurgitation, coughing). Gastroesophageal reflux disease and night sweats from other causes can also coexist. The distinction matters because treatment is entirely different: acid suppression for gastroesophageal reflux disease versus addressing the underlying cause for true night sweats.

Idiopathic Hyperhidrosis

In a subset of patients — particularly younger, otherwise healthy individuals — no cause is identified despite thorough evaluation. Primary hyperhidrosis can affect axillary, palmar, and plantar areas and may worsen during sleep. Treatment options include topical antiperspirants (aluminum chloride), oral anticholinergics (oxybutynin), iontophoresis, and, for severe cases, botulinum toxin injections or endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.

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Evaluation and Workup

A systematic approach prevents both over-testing and missing a serious diagnosis.

History

Key questions to answer:

• Character: Are clothes and sheets actually soaked (true night sweats), or just feeling warm?
• Duration and frequency: Occasional vs. nightly vs. multiple times per night.
• Timing: Early night, early morning, or variable?
• B symptoms: Unexplained fever? Weight loss of more than 10% of body weight in the last six months?
• Respiratory: Productive cough, blood in sputum?
• Lymph nodes: Has the patient noticed any lumps in the neck, armpits, or groin?
• Medications: Complete list, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements.
• Menstrual history: Age, regularity of periods, perimenopause symptoms.
• Alcohol use: Quantity and pattern.
• Travel history: Malaria-endemic areas, tuberculosis-high-prevalence countries.
• Human immunodeficiency virus risk factors: Recent negative test? Risk exposures?
• Prior malignancy or immunosuppressive therapy.
• Sleep environment: Room temperature, bedding, continuous positive airway pressure use.

Physical Examination

• Vital signs including temperature.
• Lymph node exam: cervical, supraclavicular (Virchow's node), axillary, inguinal.
• Thyroid: size, nodules, tenderness.
• Cardiac: new murmur (endocarditis).
• Abdomen: hepatosplenomegaly.
• Skin: pallor, jaundice, purpura, Kaposi sarcoma lesions.

Initial Laboratory Tests

• Complete blood count with differential — lymphopenia, lymphocytosis, atypical lymphocytes, anemia, thrombocytopenia.
• Comprehensive metabolic panel — liver function tests, creatinine, glucose, calcium (hypercalcemia in lymphoma and sarcoidosis).
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone — thyroid screening.
• Fasting glucose or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) — diabetes and nocturnal hypoglycemia risk.
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) — nonspecific markers of inflammation/infection.
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and uric acid — elevated in lymphoma.

Targeted Testing Based on Clinical Suspicion

• Human immunodeficiency virus antigen/antibody test (4th generation) — listed among the first tests when no cause is found.
• Blood cultures — if fever is present; essential if endocarditis is suspected.
• TST or IGRA — tuberculosis screening with risk factors or suggestive chest imaging.
• Plasma free metanephrines — if episodic hypertension, headache, or palpitations suggest pheochromocytoma.
• Chest X-ray — mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates, pleural effusion.
• Computed tomography chest/abdomen/pelvis with contrast — ordered when B symptoms are present or initial workup is negative and symptoms persist.
• 24-hour urine 5-HIAA — carcinoid syndrome workup if episodic flushing and diarrhea are present.
• Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol — menopausal status in women.
• Total testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone — hypogonadism workup in men.
• Bone marrow biopsy — when lymphoma or leukemia is suspected and computed tomography scan is non-diagnostic or to stage confirmed disease.
• Polysomnography — when obstructive sleep apnea is suspected based on clinical screening.

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Management

Treatment of night sweats is always cause-directed. The following summarizes management for the most common scenarios.

• Malignancy or serious infection — immediate specialist referral; night sweats resolve with successful treatment of the underlying disease.
• Menopause — hormone replacement therapy (most effective); serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine 37.5-75 mg/day); gabapentin 300 mg at bedtime; clonidine 0.1 mg at bedtime; cognitive behavioral therapy; fezolinetant, elinzanetant or oxybutynin. Choice depends on individual risk profile, preference, and contraindications.
• Male hypogonadism — testosterone replacement if confirmed low testosterone and no contraindications (prostate cancer, elevated hematocrit, severe lower urinary tract symptoms).
• Hyperthyroidism — methimazole, propylthiouracil, radioactive iodine, or thyroidectomy depending on cause and severity.
• Nocturnal hypoglycemia — bedtime snack (15g complex carbohydrate + protein), reduction of evening basal insulin dose, review of sulfonylurea dosing, CGM placement.
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor-induced sweating — dose reduction, switch to bupropion, add cyproheptadine 2-4 mg at bedtime or terazosin 1-2 mg at bedtime.
• Obstructive sleep apnea — continuous positive airway pressure therapy treats the apneas and reduces the associated night sweats (frequent sweating fell from 33.2% to 11.5% with full use).
• Benign/environmental/workup-negative — a room temperature of 65-68°F; lightweight moisture-wicking cotton bedding; less alcohol; anxiety management; breathable sleepwear.

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Signs That Point to a Serious Cause

Most people experience occasional night sweats without a serious underlying cause. These are the features clinicians treat as reasons for a medical evaluation, in night sweats that:

• Occur more than once per week and have no obvious environmental explanation.
• Are severe enough to soak through your clothing and sheets, requiring a change in the night.
• Are accompanied by unexplained weight loss — especially more than 5% of your body weight in six months.
• Are accompanied by fever, even low-grade.
• Come with swollen, painless lumps in your neck, armpit, or groin.
• Occur with a persistent cough, blood in your sputum, or shortness of breath.
• Are new in someone with human immunodeficiency virus, a history of cancer, or who is on immunosuppressive medications.
• Are accompanied by episodic severe headaches, rapid heart rate, or very high blood pressure (suggesting pheochromocytoma).
• Occur with waking shakiness, hunger, and heart racing — especially in someone taking insulin or diabetes pills (nocturnal hypoglycemia).
• Continue for more than one month despite removing obvious environmental causes.

Go to the emergency department if night sweats accompany high fever (>39°C / 102°F), severe chest pain, or signs of stroke (facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty) — these could indicate acute endocarditis or another emergent condition.

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Connections

• All Symptoms
• Fatigue
• Insomnia
• Hair Loss
• Unexplained Weight Loss
• Lymphoma
• Tuberculosis
• Thyroid Disorders
• Diabetes
• Sleep Apnea
• Iron

Key Research Papers

1. Mold JW, Mathew MK, Belgore S, DeHaven M. Prevalence of night sweats in primary care patients: an OKPRN and TAFP-Net collaborative study. J Fam Pract. 2002;51(5):452-456. — PubMed PMID: 12019054
2. Viera AJ, Bond MM, Yates SW. Diagnosing night sweats. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(5):1019-1024. — PubMed PMID: 12643362
3. Mold JW, Lawler F. The prognostic implications of night sweats in two cohorts of older patients. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010;23(1):97-103. — PubMed PMID: 20051548
4. Loibl S, Schwedler K, von Minckwitz G, et al. Venlafaxine is superior to clonidine as treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients — a double-blind, randomized study. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(4):689-693. — PubMed PMID: 17229772
5. Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Perez EA, et al. Phase III evaluation of fluoxetine for treatment of hot flashes. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1578-1583. — PubMed PMID: 11896107
6. Carpenter JS, Andrykowski MA, Freedman RR, Munn R. Feasibility and psychometrics of an ambulatory hot flash monitoring device. Menopause. 1999;6(3):209-215. — PubMed PMID: 10486790 Note: this paper tests a skin-conductance monitor in 24 women; it is not a study of causes or treatment.
7. Freedman RR. Pathophysiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes. Semin Reprod Med. 2005;23(2):117-125. — PubMed PMID: 15852197
8. Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Smith P, et al. Myocardial infarction mortality risk after treatment for Hodgkin disease: a collaborative British cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(3):206-214. — PubMed PMID: 17284715 Note: this paper covers deaths from heart attack after Hodgkin disease treatment; it does not address night sweats.
9. Loprinzi CL, Kugler JW, Sloan JA, et al. Venlafaxine in management of hot flashes in survivors of breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;356(9247):2059-2063. — PubMed PMID: 11145492
10. Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):531-539. — PubMed PMID: 25686030
11. Mold JW, Holtzclaw BJ, McCarthy L. Night sweats: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25(6):878-893. — PubMed PMID: 23136329
12. Arnardottir ES, Janson C, Bjornsdottir E, et al. Nocturnal sweating--a common symptom of obstructive sleep apnoea: the Icelandic sleep apnoea cohort. BMJ Open. 2013;3(5). — PubMed PMID: 23674447
13. Lederman S, Ottery FD, Cano A, et al. Fezolinetant for treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause (SKYLIGHT 1): a phase 3 randomised controlled study. Lancet. 2023;401(10382):1091-1102. — PubMed PMID: 36924778
14. Pinkerton JV, Simon JA, Joffe H, et al. Elinzanetant for the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms Associated With Menopause: OASIS 1 and 2 Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA. 2024;332(16):1343-1354. — PubMed PMID: 39172446
15. Leon-Ferre RA, Novotny PJ, Wolfe EG, et al. Oxybutynin vs Placebo for Hot Flashes in Women With or Without Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial (ACCRU SC-1603). JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2020;4(1):pkz088. — PubMed PMID: 32337497

PubMed Topic Searches

1. Night sweats in lymphoma — B symptoms pathophysiology and clinical significance. — Search PubMed: night sweats lymphoma B symptoms
2. Tuberculosis constitutional symptoms and night sweats — epidemiology and diagnosis. Search PubMed: tuberculosis night sweats constitutional symptoms. — Search PubMed
3. SSRI-induced diaphoresis — mechanism and management strategies. Search PubMed: SSRI antidepressant sweating diaphoresis management. — Search PubMed
4. Pheochromocytoma diagnosis — plasma free metanephrines sensitivity and specificity. Search PubMed: pheochromocytoma plasma metanephrines diagnosis sensitivity. — Search PubMed

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