Magnesium for Migraines

Table of Contents

1. The Mauskop Body of Work
2. Proposed Mechanisms — NMDA, Cortical Spreading Depression, Platelets, Energy
3. Oral Magnesium for Migraine Prevention: the Trials
4. The 2012 AAN / AHS Guideline (Retired in 2015)
5. IV Magnesium for Acute Migraine
6. Bigal and the Aura Subgroup
7. The Pediatric Migraine Trial
8. Menstrual Migraine
9. Forms and Doses Used in the Trials
10. Magnesium Alongside Riboflavin, CoQ10, Feverfew and Butterbur
11. Side Effects, Cautions and Drug Interactions
12. Key Research Papers
13. Connections
14. Featured Videos

The Mauskop Body of Work

Alexander Mauskop, a neurologist at the New York Headache Center, has written on magnesium in migraine since the 1990s. His 2012 review with Varughese in Journal of Neural Transmission is titled “Why all migraine patients should be treated with magnesium.” In it the authors argue that routine blood tests do not reflect body magnesium stores (less than 2% of body magnesium is in the measurable extracellular space), that magnesium deficiency may be present in up to half of migraine patients, and that the mixed results of double-blind trials are most likely explained by the inclusion of both deficient and non-deficient patients. On that basis they conclude that empiric treatment with at least oral magnesium is warranted in all migraine sufferers (Mauskop 2012). That is the authors’ position; the trials and reviews below show how far the evidence supports it.

1. Low ionized magnesium during attacks — A 1998 review by Mauskop and Altura states that the available evidence suggests up to 50% of patients have lowered levels of ionized magnesium during an acute migraine attack (Mauskop 1998).
2. IV magnesium and ionized magnesium levels — In a 1995 pilot study, 40 consecutive patients with an acute migraine received 1 g of intravenous magnesium sulfate, without a placebo group. Pain fell by 50% or more within 15 minutes in 35 patients. Relief lasted at least 24 hours in 18 of 21 patients (86%) whose serum ionized magnesium was below 0.54 mmol/L, and in 3 of 19 patients (16%) whose level was at or above it (Mauskop 1995).

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Proposed Mechanisms — NMDA, Cortical Spreading Depression, Platelets, Energy

How magnesium might act on migraine is still a set of hypotheses. The ones most often cited are:

• NMDA receptor block — In 1984 patch-clamp recordings from mouse neurons showed that magnesium blocks the channels opened by glutamate at the NMDA receptor in a voltage-dependent way (Nowak 1984). Mauskop and Altura note that magnesium concentration affects NMDA receptors, serotonin receptors, nitric oxide synthesis and release, and other migraine-related receptors and neurotransmitters (Mauskop 1998).
• Cortical spreading depression — Cortical spreading depression is a slowly spreading wave of neuronal depolarization followed by suppressed activity; a 2009 review states that its exact role in migraine has yet to be conclusively established (Charles 2009). The 2012 Mauskop review states that lack of magnesium may promote cortical spreading depression (Mauskop 2012).
• Platelets and serotonin — The same review states that lack of magnesium may promote hyperaggregation of platelets, affect serotonin receptor function, and influence the synthesis and release of a variety of neurotransmitters (Mauskop 2012).
• Brain energy metabolism — A 1995 review proposed that disordered mitochondrial energy production and reduced free magnesium in the brain between attacks make the brain more susceptible to an attack (Welch 1995). In a 2001 phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of 78 people with migraine and 13 with cluster headache, studied between attacks, free magnesium and the free energy released by ATP hydrolysis were both reduced in the occipital lobes; the authors concluded that the low free magnesium is secondary to the energy deficit rather than its cause (Lodi 2001).

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Oral Magnesium for Migraine Prevention: the Trials

The placebo-controlled prevention trials are small, and their results point in different directions:

1. Peikert, Wilimzig, Köhne-Volland (1996, Cephalalgia) — 81 patients aged 18–65 with migraine (mean 3.6 attacks a month) received 600 mg (24 mmol) of magnesium a day as trimagnesium dicitrate, or placebo, for 12 weeks after a 4-week baseline. In weeks 9–12, attack frequency had fallen from baseline by 41.6% with magnesium and by 15.8% with placebo (p < 0.05). Days with migraine and use of acute medication per patient also fell significantly with magnesium; duration and intensity of attacks tended to decrease but the difference was not significant. Diarrhea was reported by 18.6% and gastric irritation by 4.7% of the magnesium group (Peikert 1996).
2. Pfaffenrath et al. (1996, Cephalalgia) — A multicentre trial of 10 mmol of magnesium twice daily for 12 weeks in migraine without aura. The primary end-point was a reduction of at least 50% in the intensity or duration of attacks. The trial was planned for 150 patients, but the interim analysis of 69 patients found 10 responders in each group (28.6% with magnesium, 29.4% with placebo), and the trial was stopped. There was no benefit over placebo in migraine days or attacks. Mild adverse events, mainly soft stool and diarrhea, were reported by 45.7% of the magnesium group and 23.5% of the placebo group (Pfaffenrath 1996).
3. Taubert (1994, Fortschritte der Medizin) — A double-blind, crossover, multicentre pilot study in 43 migraine patients given 600 mg of magnesium a day as trimagnesium dicitrate (article in German, English abstract). The abstract reports a significant reduction in the incidence of attacks, and states that the effect did not appear to be as large as that of the prescription preventives approved at the time (Taubert 1994).
4. Köseoglu et al. (2008, Magnesium Research) — 600 mg a day of magnesium citrate for 3 months in migraine without aura; 30 patients on magnesium were compared with 10 on placebo. Compared with placebo, the post/pretreatment ratios of attack frequency (p = 0.005), attack severity (p < 0.001) and a visual evoked potential amplitude were lower with magnesium. Brain SPECT scans showed increased cortical blood flow in several regions after magnesium but not after placebo (Köseoglu 2008).

What the meta-analyses found

• Chiu et al. 2016 (Pain Physician) — 10 randomized trials of oral magnesium for prevention (789 participants): oral magnesium significantly reduced the frequency and the intensity of migraine (odds ratios 0.20 and 0.27). The authors note as a limitation that some included studies did not use adequate randomization (Chiu 2016).
• Okoli et al. 2019 (Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences) — a review of 18 placebo-controlled trials of vitamins and minerals. In adults, magnesium did not significantly reduce migraine severity (ratio of means −0.17; 95% CI −0.36 to 0.02; 3 trials, 226 participants; low strength of evidence). The authors concluded that, on insufficient evidence, it is unknown whether CoQ10 and magnesium are effective for migraine prevention in adults (Okoli 2019).
• Veronese et al. 2020 (European Journal of Nutrition, published online 2019) — an umbrella review of meta-analyses of magnesium across health outcomes. By its GRADE assessment, the evidence was strong that magnesium supplementation reduces the frequency and intensity of migraine (Veronese 2020).

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The 2012 AAN / AHS Guideline (Retired in 2015)

The 2012 evidence-based guideline of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society on NSAIDs and complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults (Holland et al., Neurology) reviewed studies published from June 1999 to May 2009 and graded:

• Level A (effective): butterbur (Petasites)
• Level B (probably effective): fenoprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, naproxen sodium, a feverfew extract, magnesium, riboflavin and subcutaneous histamine
• Level C (possibly effective): cyproheptadine, CoQ10, estrogen, mefenamic acid and flurbiprofen
• Conflicting or inadequate data: aspirin, indomethacin, omega-3 and hyperbaric oxygen

The guideline has been retired. According to the retirement notice now printed with it, the AAN Board of Directors retired the guideline on September 16, 2015, “due to serious safety concerns with a preventative treatment, butterbur, recommended by this guideline.” The notice states that the recommendations and conclusions of retired guidelines are considered no longer valid and no longer supported by the AAN, and remain available for reference only. The Level B grade for magnesium is therefore a historical grading, not a current AAN position.

A companion 2012 AAN/AHS guideline on prescription drugs (Silberstein et al.) graded divalproex sodium, sodium valproate, topiramate, metoprolol, propranolol and timolol as effective for migraine prevention (Level A), and frovatriptan as effective for prevention of menstrual migraine (Level A) (Silberstein 2012).

Other guidance:

• Canadian Headache Society (2012) — its migraine prophylaxis guideline gave a strong recommendation for use to 11 prophylactic drugs, magnesium citrate among them (with butterbur, riboflavin and coenzyme Q10); it notes that the quality of evidence for different treatments varied from high to low (Pringsheim 2012).
• American Headache Society consensus statement (2021) — this update on integrating new migraine treatments into practice covers newly introduced drugs, devices and biobehavioral therapies; its abstract does not mention magnesium (Ailani 2021).

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IV Magnesium for Acute Migraine

Intravenous magnesium sulfate has been tested as a treatment during a migraine attack, most often at 1 g. The trials and their pooled analyses disagree:

• Demirkaya et al. (2001, Headache) — a single-blind trial in 30 patients with moderate or severe attacks: 15 received 1 g of magnesium sulfate over 15 minutes and 15 received saline. The response rate was 100% with magnesium and 7% with placebo, and the pain-free rate 87% and 0%. Mild side effects were reported in 26 patients (86.6%) during magnesium infusion (Demirkaya 2001).
• Bigal et al. (2002, Cephalalgia) — a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 1,000 mg of intravenous magnesium sulfate; see the next section.
• Choi and Parmar (2014, European Journal of Emergency Medicine) — a meta-analysis restricted to double-blind randomized trials in adults: 5 trials, 295 patients. The percentage of patients with headache relief 30 minutes after treatment was 7% lower with magnesium than with controls (pooled risk difference −0.07; 95% CI −0.23 to 0.09), there was no benefit in the need for rescue medication, and the percentage of patients with side effects or adverse events was greater with magnesium by 37% (pooled risk difference 0.370; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.68). The authors concluded the meta-analyses failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect (Choi 2014).
• Chiu et al. (2016, Pain Physician) — a meta-analysis that pooled 11 trials of intravenous magnesium (948 participants); the authors note that some included studies did not use adequate randomization. It found that intravenous magnesium significantly relieved acute migraine within 15–45 minutes, 120 minutes and 24 hours after the infusion (odds ratios 0.23, 0.20 and 0.25) (Chiu 2016).

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Bigal and the Aura Subgroup

The Bigal trial is the one most often cited for the idea that magnesium works differently in migraine with aura, the subtype in which cortical spreading depression is thought to produce the aura.

• Design — Sixty patients with migraine without aura and sixty with migraine with aura were each randomized to 1,000 mg of intravenous magnesium sulfate or 10 ml of saline (Bigal 2002).
• Migraine with aura — Magnesium produced a statistically significant improvement in pain and in all associated symptoms compared with placebo; the analgesic therapeutic gain was 36.7% at 1 hour. Fewer patients still had aura 1 hour after magnesium than after placebo (Bigal 2002).
• Migraine without aura — There was no statistically significant difference from placebo in pain relief or in nausea (therapeutic gain 17% at 1 hour), but photophobia and phonophobia were significantly less intense with magnesium (Bigal 2002).

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The Pediatric Migraine Trial

One randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral magnesium in children is among the papers cited here.

• Wang et al. (2003, Headache) — Children aged 3 to 17 with at least weekly migrainous headache were randomized to magnesium oxide 9 mg/kg a day, divided three times a day with food (58 children), or placebo (60), for 16 weeks; 86 (73%) completed the study. Headache frequency fell significantly over time in the magnesium group (P = .0037) but not in the placebo group (P = .086), yet the two trends were not significantly different from each other (P = .88). Headache severity was significantly lower with magnesium than with placebo (P = .0029). The authors concluded that the study does not unequivocally determine whether magnesium oxide is superior to placebo, and that larger trials are needed (Wang 2003).
• Combination products in children — No trial of a magnesium, riboflavin and CoQ10 combination in children is among the papers cited here; the adult guideline grades above were not made for children.

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Menstrual Migraine

Menstrual migraine is migraine whose attacks occur around the start of menstruation. One small trial has tested magnesium for it.

• Facchinetti et al. (1991, Headache) — 20 women with menstrual migraine took 360 mg a day of magnesium (as magnesium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) or placebo, double-blind, from day 15 of the cycle until the next menses, for two months, followed by two months in which all took magnesium openly. At the second month the Pain Total Index fell with both placebo and magnesium, with the lowest values on magnesium (P < 0.03), and the number of days with headache fell only on magnesium. Premenstrual complaints, measured by the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, also improved. Intracellular magnesium in the women with menstrual migraine was lower than in controls, and magnesium in two types of white blood cell rose during treatment while plasma and red-cell levels did not change (Facchinetti 1991).
• Prescription comparison — The 2012 AAN/AHS prescription-drug guideline graded frovatriptan as effective for prevention of menstrual migraine (Level A) (Silberstein 2012).

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Forms and Doses Used in the Trials

The trials described on this page used these forms and doses. They are reported here as study designs, not as instructions.

• Trimagnesium dicitrate, 600 mg (24 mmol) of magnesium a day — for 12 weeks in Peikert 1996; 600 mg a day in the Taubert 1994 crossover study.
• Magnesium citrate, 600 mg a day — for 3 months in Köseoglu 2008.
• 10 mmol of magnesium twice daily — for 12 weeks in Pfaffenrath 1996 (the abstract does not name the salt).
• Magnesium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, 360 mg a day — from day 15 of the cycle to menstruation in Facchinetti 1991.
• Magnesium oxide, 9 mg/kg a day in three divided doses — for 16 weeks in children in Wang 2003.
• Magnesium sulfate, 1 g intravenously — for acute attacks in Mauskop 1995, Demirkaya 2001 (over 15 minutes) and Bigal 2002.
• Forms not tested — None of these trials tested magnesium glycinate or magnesium L-threonate.
• The upper intake level — The tolerable upper intake level for magnesium from supplements, set by the Institute of Medicine, is 350 mg a day for adults, based on diarrhea; the 600 mg doses in the prevention trials are above it (see the Magnesium page). Diarrhea was the most common adverse event in the Peikert and Pfaffenrath trials.

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Magnesium Alongside Riboflavin, CoQ10, Feverfew and Butterbur

Magnesium, riboflavin and CoQ10 are often discussed together as “mitochondrial” migraine supplements, and feverfew and butterbur are the two herbs the 2012 guideline graded. Each has been tested mostly on its own.

• A fixed combination of magnesium, riboflavin and Q10 — In a 2015 randomized, double-blind trial of a supplement combining all three, 130 adults with at least three attacks a month took the supplement or placebo for 3 months. Migraine days a month fell from 6.2 to 4.4 with the supplement and from 6.2 to 5.2 with placebo, a difference that was not significant (p = 0.23). Migraine pain intensity (p = 0.03), the HIT-6 burden-of-headache score (p = 0.01) and the patients’ own rating of efficacy (p = 0.01) were better with the supplement (Gaul 2015). No trial cited here tested whether the combination does more than magnesium alone.
• Riboflavin and CoQ10 — The 2012 AAN/AHS guideline graded riboflavin Level B and CoQ10 Level C (Holland 2012). The trials and meta-analyses for CoQ10 are covered on the CoQ10 for Migraine Prevention page.
• Feverfew — The 2012 guideline graded a feverfew extract Level B (Holland 2012).
• Butterbur — The 2012 guideline graded butterbur Level A (Holland 2012); the trials behind that grade used a PA-free butterbur extract, one from which the plant’s pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a group of liver toxins, are removed. Butterbur was not downgraded: on September 16, 2015 the AAN retired the whole guideline because of serious safety concerns about butterbur, and its recommendations are no longer supported by the AAN.

See Magnesium, Riboflavin, and Supplements for Migraine for more on these supplements together.

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Side Effects, Cautions and Drug Interactions

• Gastrointestinal side effects — Diarrhea is the most common side effect of oral magnesium; magnesium citrate and oxide are both used as laxatives. In the migraine trials, diarrhea affected 18.6% of patients on 600 mg a day (Peikert 1996), and mild adverse events, mainly soft stool and diarrhea, 45.7% of patients on magnesium against 23.5% on placebo (Pfaffenrath 1996).
• Intravenous magnesium — In one trial, 86.6% of patients had mild side effects during a 1 g infusion that did not require stopping treatment (Demirkaya 2001), and in a meta-analysis of double-blind trials the percentage of patients with side effects or adverse events was greater with magnesium than with controls by 37% (Choi 2014).
• Kidney disease — The kidneys excrete excess magnesium, so people with chronic kidney disease or significantly impaired kidney function are at risk of magnesium accumulation (hypermagnesemia) (Jahnen-Dechent 2012).
• Pregnancy — Intravenous magnesium sulfate is used in obstetrics to prevent seizures in pre-eclampsia; in the Magpie Trial of 10,141 women with pre-eclampsia, it lowered the risk of eclampsia by 58% compared with placebo, and 24% of women given it reported side effects versus 5% given placebo (Magpie Trial 2002). No trial of magnesium for migraine in pregnancy is among the papers cited here.
• Drug interactions — Magnesium-containing products reduce the absorption of tetracycline and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, levothyroxine and bisphosphonates, and the labels of those drugs set spacing intervals (detailed on the Magnesium page). Long-term proton pump inhibitor use and diuretics are among the drugs known to cause low magnesium (de Baaij 2015).

Sudden severe headache, headache with weakness, persistent visual loss, slurred speech or confusion, headache with fever and a stiff neck, and new headaches after age 50 are recognized warning signs that are evaluated medically rather than treated as routine migraine. Decisions about supplements and migraine treatment belong with a clinician.

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Key Research Papers

1. Mauskop A, Varughese J (2012). Why all migraine patients should be treated with magnesium. Journal of Neural Transmission 119(5):575-579. — PubMed PMID: 22426836
2. Peikert A, Wilimzig C, Köhne-Volland R (1996). Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia 16(4):257-263. — PubMed PMID: 8792038
3. Pfaffenrath V, Wessely P, Meyer C, et al. (1996). Magnesium in the prophylaxis of migraine — a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 16(6):436-440. — PubMed PMID: 8902254
4. Köseoglu E, Talaslioglu A, Gönül AS, Kula M (2008). The effects of magnesium prophylaxis in migraine without aura. Magnesium Research 21(2):101-108. — PubMed PMID: 18705538
5. Bigal ME, Bordini CA, Tepper SJ, Speciali JG (2002). Intravenous magnesium sulphate in the acute treatment of migraine without aura and migraine with aura. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 22(5):345-353. — PubMed PMID: 12110110
6. Chiu HY, Yeh TH, Huang YC, Chen PY (2016). Effects of intravenous and oral magnesium on reducing migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Physician 19(1):E97-E112. — PubMed PMID: 26752497
7. Wang F, Van Den Eeden SK, Ackerson LM, Salk SE, Reince RH, Elin RJ (2003). Oral magnesium oxide prophylaxis of frequent migrainous headache in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache 43(6):601-610. — PubMed PMID: 12786918
8. Facchinetti F, Sances G, Borella P, Genazzani AR, Nappi G (1991). Magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects on intracellular magnesium. Headache 31(5):298-301. — PubMed PMID: 1860787
9. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E (American Academy of Neurology / American Headache Society, 2012). Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults. Neurology 78(17):1346-1353. Retired by the AAN on September 16, 2015 (retirement notice printed with the PMC copy, PMC3335449). — PubMed PMID: 22529203
10. Pringsheim T, Davenport W, Mackie G, et al. (2012). Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 39(2 Suppl 2):S1-S59. — PubMed PMID: 22683887
11. Welch KM, Ramadan NM (1995). Mitochondria, magnesium and migraine. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 134(1-2):9-14. — PubMed PMID: 8747836
12. Lodi R, Iotti S, Cortelli P, et al. (2001). Deficient energy metabolism is associated with low free magnesium in the brains of patients with migraine and cluster headache. Brain Research Bulletin 54(4):437-441. — PubMed PMID: 11306197
13. Demirkaya S, Vural O, Dora B, Topçuoğlu MA (2001). Efficacy of intravenous magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Headache 41(2):171-177. — PubMed PMID: 11251702
14. Ailani J, Burch RC, Robbins MS; Board of Directors of the American Headache Society (2021). The American Headache Society Consensus Statement: Update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache 61(7):1021-1039. — PubMed PMID: 34160823
15. Mauskop A, Altura BT, Cracco RQ, Altura BM (1995). Intravenous magnesium sulphate relieves migraine attacks in patients with low serum ionized magnesium levels: a pilot study. Clinical Science 89(6):633-636. — PubMed PMID: 8549082
16. Mauskop A, Altura BM (1998). Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraines. Clinical Neuroscience 5(1):24-27. — PubMed PMID: 9523054
17. Taubert K (1994). Magnesium in migraine. Results of a multicenter pilot study (article in German, English abstract). Fortschritte der Medizin 112(24):328-330. — PubMed PMID: 7959501
18. Okoli GN, Rabbani R, Kashani HH, et al. (2019). Vitamins and minerals for migraine prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 46(2):224-233. — PubMed PMID: 30764890
19. Veronese N, Demurtas J, Pesolillo G, et al. (2020; published online 2019). Magnesium and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational and intervention studies. European Journal of Nutrition 59(1):263-272. — PubMed PMID: 30684032
20. Choi H, Parmar N (2014). The use of intravenous magnesium sulphate for acute migraine: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 21(1):2-9. — PubMed PMID: 23921817
21. Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E (American Academy of Neurology / American Headache Society, 2012). Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults. Neurology 78(17):1337-1345. — PubMed PMID: 22529202
22. Gaul C, Diener HC, Danesch U (2015). Improvement of migraine symptoms with a proprietary supplement containing riboflavin, magnesium and Q10: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Journal of Headache and Pain 16:516. — PubMed PMID: 25916335
23. Nowak L, Bregestovski P, Ascher P, Herbet A, Prochiantz A (1984). Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones. Nature 307(5950):462-465. — PubMed PMID: 6320006
24. Charles A, Brennan K (2009). Cortical spreading depression — new insights and persistent questions. Cephalalgia 29(10):1115-1124. — PubMed PMID: 19735537
25. Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M (2012). Magnesium basics. Clinical Kidney Journal 5(Suppl 1):i3-i14. — PubMed PMID: 26069819
26. de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ (2015). Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiological Reviews 95(1):1-46. — PubMed PMID: 25540137
27. Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L, et al.; Magpie Trial Collaboration Group (2002). Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 359(9321):1877-1890. — PubMed PMID: 12057549

PubMed Topic Searches

1. PubMed: Magnesium migraine prophylaxis RCTs
2. PubMed: IV magnesium acute migraine
3. PubMed: CSD, NMDA, and magnesium
4. PubMed: Magnesium and menstrual migraine
5. PubMed: Magnesium and pediatric migraine

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Connections

• All Minerals
• Magnesium: The Mineral That Makes ATP Work — interactive animation
• Magnesium Benefits Hub
• Magnesium
• Magnesium for Heart Health
• Magnesium for Sleep
• Magnesium for Muscle Function
• Magnesium Glycinate
• Migraine
• Magnesium, Riboflavin, and Supplements for Migraine
• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
• Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
• Feverfew
• Neurology
• Anxiety
• Magnesium Test
• Stress Management
• Calcium
• Potassium
• Deficiency
• Toxicity
• History
• Sources

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