Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) — Benefits Deep Dive

Benefits — scientific infographic poster

Glycyrrhiza glabra (literally "sweet root" in Greek) is one of the most-used herbs in both Chinese and Western herbal traditions — included as a "harmonizer" in roughly half of all classical Chinese herbal formulas (as gan cao) and continuously used in European pharmacy since at least Theophrastus in the 4th century BCE. Its dominant glycoside, glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid), is approximately 50 times sweeter than sucrose and is responsible for both the herb's most powerful clinical effects (antiviral activity, cortisol prolongation, anti-inflammatory action) and its most consequential adverse-effect syndrome (pseudoaldosteronism, hypokalemia, and hypertension). The deglycyrrhizinated form (DGL) removes glycyrrhizin entirely and has a fundamentally different safety profile — it retains the gastric mucus-stimulating flavonoid fraction without the cortisol or blood-pressure effects. The four deep-dive pages below explore the four most important clinical-effect domains and the single most important safety warning for anyone using whole licorice for more than a few days.

CRITICAL SAFETY WARNING — PSEUDOALDOSTERONISM

Whole licorice and glycyrrhizin-containing preparations inhibit the enzyme 11-beta-HSD2 in the kidney, causing cortisol to act on the mineralocorticoid receptor as if it were aldosterone. The result is sodium and water retention, potassium loss (hypokalemia), hypertension, edema, and in severe cases life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias from low potassium. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a public-health warning that consuming as little as 2 ounces of black licorice candy per day for two weeks can trigger arrhythmias and hospitalization in adults over 40. The European Union upper limit for glycyrrhizin from food sources is 100 mg per day. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) does not carry this risk because the glycyrrhizin has been removed. People with hypertension, heart failure, or kidney disease, and people who take diuretics, digoxin, or corticosteroids, are the groups in which licorice-induced low potassium and high blood pressure are most dangerous (in a review of 59 cases of licorice-induced low-potassium muscle weakness, diuretic blood-pressure pills increased the risk in an overwhelming number of cases); DGL, without the glycyrrhizin, is the form used in these groups. See the dedicated Cortisol-and-Hypertension Warning page for the full mechanism, case literature, and contraindications.

Glycyrrhizin vs DGL — A Two-Sentence Glossary

Because most of the literature on licorice (and most of the patient confusion) hinges on this single distinction, it is worth defining it once at the top of every conversation:

How low a “safe” glycyrrhizin intake is has been questioned. In a 2024 randomized crossover trial in Sweden, 28 healthy young adults (median age 24) ate licorice providing 100 mg of glycyrrhizic acid a day — the amount the World Health Organization has suggested would be unlikely to cause harm — or a control product, for two weeks each. On licorice, home systolic blood pressure rose by 3.1 mm Hg, and the blood-pressure hormones renin and aldosterone fell by 30% and 45%. The authors conclude that licorice is more potent than previously known and that the safe limit may need to be reconsidered.

Deep-Dive Articles

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Adrenal Support & Cortisol

Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11-beta-HSD2 in peripheral tissues, prolonging the half-life of endogenous cortisol — the rationale for using licorice in "adrenal fatigue" and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis depletion protocols. Covers the pop-nutrition "adrenal cocktail," dosing for hypocortisolism, and an honest framing of why "adrenal fatigue" itself remains a controversial diagnostic label in conventional endocrinology.

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Gastrointestinal Health & Ulcers (DGL)

The Morgan 1985 trial comparing a licorice-containing tablet with cimetidine for preventing stomach (gastric) ulcer recurrence, the gastric-mucus and epithelial-restitution mechanism, DGL as adjunct in H. pylori eradication, the chewable-vs-capsule formulation question, and the carbenoxolone derivative line. Includes oral aphthous-ulcer (canker sore) trial data and the practical dosing convention of 380-760 mg chewed before meals.

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Antiviral Activity

Glycyrrhizin's in-vitro and in-vivo antiviral profile against herpesviruses (HSV-1, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV)), the Crance 2003 laboratory work against flaviviruses (dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne and yellow fever viruses), the historically notable Cinatl 2003 Lancet paper showing glycyrrhizin inhibited the original SARS coronavirus replication, the intravenous glycyrrhizin preparation used for decades in Japan for chronic hepatitis, topical applications for cold sores, and a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) adjunct pilot signal.

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Cortisol & Hypertension Warning

The most-important safety page on the site for any herb. Walks through the 11-beta-HSD2 inhibition mechanism, why cortisol at high concentration acts on the mineralocorticoid receptor, the case reports of life-threatening hypokalemic arrhythmia from black licorice candy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warning about 2 ounces of black licorice a day, the European 100 mg/day glycyrrhizin upper limit, every absolute and relative contraindication, and why DGL bypasses the entire risk profile.

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Table of Contents

  1. Glycyrrhizin vs DGL Glossary
  2. Deep-Dive Articles
  3. Why Licorice Produces the Effects It Does
  4. Research Papers: Adrenal & Cortisol
  5. Research Papers: Gastrointestinal & Ulcers (DGL)
  6. Research Papers: Antiviral
  7. Research Papers: Safety & Pseudoaldosteronism
  8. Research Papers: Cross-Cutting (Mechanism, Pharmacology, Reviews)
  9. External Authoritative Resources
  10. Connections
  11. Featured Videos

Why Licorice Produces the Effects It Does

Licorice is unusual among medicinal herbs in producing a wide range of clinical effects from a small number of well-characterized mechanisms, all traceable to three constituent classes:

  1. Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid) and its active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid — the dominant triterpenoid saponin and the constituent responsible for both the desired clinical effects of whole licorice and its dose-limiting toxicity. Three distinct molecular targets are well-mapped: (a) direct inhibition of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11-beta-HSD2), the renal-tubular enzyme that normally inactivates cortisol — this is the mechanism behind both the adrenal-support effect and the pseudoaldosteronism toxicity; (b) direct binding to and partial agonism of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), independent of any cortisol effect; and (c) direct antiviral activity against multiple enveloped DNA and RNA viruses through mechanisms that include inhibition of viral protein synthesis, modification of host signaling pathways, and inhibition of the viral fusion step — the mechanism behind the antiviral applications.
  2. The flavonoid fraction (liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, glabridin, glabrene) — principally responsible for the gastric-protective and anti-inflammatory effects that survive the deglycyrrhization process and define DGL pharmacology. Flavonoids stimulate gastric mucus secretion (Muc5AC, Muc6), accelerate epithelial restitution after injury, inhibit pro-inflammatory transcription factors (NF-kappa-B, AP-1), and exhibit weak phytoestrogenic activity via beta-isoflavone-type structures.
  3. Polysaccharide and minor saponin fractions — less well-characterized but include demulcent action that coats and soothes mucous membranes (the basis of traditional use for cough, sore throat, and esophageal irritation) and expectorant action that helps mobilize respiratory mucus.

The therapeutic complication is that the same molecule (glycyrrhizin) that drives the most clinically powerful effects also drives the most consequential adverse effect. Unlike most herbs, where toxicity is a function of dose alone, with whole licorice the toxicity scales with the very same exposure that produces the desired effect, and individual sensitivity varies sharply because 11-beta-HSD2 expression varies among individuals. Some people develop hypertension after a single week of moderate intake; others tolerate higher doses for months. This is why blood pressure and blood potassium are the measurements watched in anyone using whole licorice therapeutically; the safety page covers the full mechanism and case literature.

A final pharmacology note: licorice is a substantial CYP450 modulator, with multiple isoforms affected. Notably, glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and induce CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, producing a wide range of potential drug interactions including with warfarin, oral contraceptives, statins, methadone, tacrolimus, and many other commonly prescribed agents. With therapeutic-dose whole licorice, these interactions can change the blood levels of such medicines.

How severe the low-potassium effect can become is shown by a 1992 review of 59 cases of licorice-induced low-potassium muscle disease (hypokalemic myopathy): 2 patients treated by the Japanese authors and 57 from the medical literature. Many cases followed habitual licorice eating or long-term use of licorice-containing medicines for stomach, liver or skin conditions, and taking diuretic blood-pressure pills at the same time increased the risk in an overwhelming number of cases. Almost all patients had flaccid quadriplegia (floppy weakness or paralysis of both arms and both legs); the average blood potassium was 1.98 mEq/L. Stopping licorice and taking potassium brought complete recovery in 57 of the 59.

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Research Papers: Adrenal & Cortisol

  1. Glycyrrhizin and 11-beta-HSD2 inhibition mechanism — PubMed: 11-beta-HSD2 inhibition
  2. Glycyrrhetinic acid and apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome — PubMed: Glycyrrhetinic AME
  3. Licorice and salivary cortisol prolongation — PubMed: Salivary cortisol
  4. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis depletion and adrenal fatigue: scientific status of the concept — PubMed: Adrenal fatigue systematic review
  5. Addison's disease and licorice as adjunct in hydrocortisone titration — PubMed: Addison's adjunct
  6. Glycyrrhizin and orthostatic hypotension management — PubMed: Orthostatic hypotension
  7. Licorice and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-cortisol ratio in chronic fatigue patients — PubMed: DHEA-cortisol ratio
  8. Licorice glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor direct binding — PubMed: GR/MR binding
  9. Ploeger B, Mensinga T, Sips A, Seinen W, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh J (2001). The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid evaluated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug Metabolism Reviews. — PubMed PMID: 11495500

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Research Papers: Gastrointestinal & Ulcers (DGL)

  1. Morgan AG, Pacsoo C, McAdam WA (1985). Maintenance therapy: a two year comparison between [a licorice-containing tablet] and cimetidine treatment in the prevention of symptomatic gastric ulcer recurrence. Gut. In plain words: 82 people whose stomach ulcer had healed took the licorice tablet (two, twice daily) or cimetidine 400 mg at night for two years; the ulcer came back in 12% on the licorice tablet versus 10% on cimetidine after one year, and in 29% versus 25% after two years. — PubMed PMID: 4007604
  2. DGL gastric mucus stimulation mechanism — PubMed: DGL mucus mechanism
  3. A deglycyrrhizinated licorice flavonoid extract for functional dyspepsia — PubMed: Licorice flavonoid extract dyspepsia trial
  4. Licorice activity against Helicobacter pylori — PubMed: H. pylori
  5. Carbenoxolone (synthetic glycyrrhetinic acid derivative) for peptic ulcer — PubMed: Carbenoxolone
  6. DGL for aphthous ulcer (canker sore) topical — PubMed: Aphthous ulcer DGL
  7. Licorice for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and reflux esophagitis — PubMed: Licorice and reflux
  8. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric mucosal injury prevention with licorice — PubMed: NSAID gastroprotection
  9. Isoliquiritigenin and gastric epithelial cell restitution — PubMed: Isoliquiritigenin
  10. Glabridin and H. pylori antimicrobial activity — PubMed: Glabridin H. pylori

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Research Papers: Antiviral

  1. Cinatl J et al. (2003). Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet. — PubMed PMID: 12814717
  2. Crance JM, Scaramozzino N, Jouan A, Garin D (2003). Interferon, ribavirin, 6-azauridine and glycyrrhizin: antiviral compounds active against pathogenic flaviviruses. Antiviral Research. Laboratory (cell-culture) tests against 11 flaviviruses; glycyrrhizin inhibited their replication at high non-toxic concentrations; hepatitis C was not tested. — PubMed PMID: 12719009
  3. An intravenous glycyrrhizin preparation for chronic hepatitis in Japan — PubMed: Intravenous glycyrrhizin, Japan
  4. Glycyrrhizin and herpes simplex virus type 1 inhibition — PubMed: HSV-1 inhibition
  5. Glycyrrhizin and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation — PubMed: EBV
  6. Topical glycyrrhetinic acid for recurrent labial herpes — PubMed: Topical cold sore
  7. Glycyrrhizin and cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication — PubMed: CMV
  8. Glycyrrhizin pilot data in HIV infection — PubMed: HIV pilot
  9. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk reduction with chronic glycyrrhizin in chronic hepatitis C — PubMed: HCC risk reduction
  10. Glycyrrhizin antiviral mechanism review — PubMed: Antiviral mechanism review

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Research Papers: Safety & Pseudoaldosteronism

  1. Licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism case reports (collected) — PubMed: Pseudoaldosteronism cases
  2. Stewart PM et al. (1987). Mineralocorticoid activity of liquorice: 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency comes of age. Lancet. — PubMed PMID: 2889032
  3. Shintani S, Murase H, Tsukagoshi H, Shiigai T (1992). Glycyrrhizin (licorice)-induced hypokalemic myopathy. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. European Neurology. 59 cases of licorice-induced low-potassium muscle weakness; 57 recovered completely after stopping licorice. — PubMed PMID: 1563455
  4. Af Geijerstam P, Joelsson A, Rådholm K, Nyström FH (2024). A low dose of daily licorice intake affects renin, aldosterone, and home blood pressure in a randomized crossover trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. — PubMed PMID: 38246526
  5. FDA public health warning: black licorice and cardiac arrhythmia — PubMed: FDA black licorice
  6. European Scientific Committee on Food — glycyrrhizin upper limit 100 mg/day — PubMed: EU upper limit
  7. Licorice-induced hypokalemic paralysis case series — PubMed: Hypokalemic paralysis
  8. Licorice and rhabdomyolysis from severe hypokalemia — PubMed: Rhabdomyolysis
  9. Licorice in pregnancy and preterm birth association — PubMed: Pregnancy and preterm
  10. Licorice in pregnancy and offspring cognitive/HPA outcomes (Finnish cohort) — PubMed: Finnish cohort
  11. DGL safety profile in chronic use — PubMed: DGL safety
  12. Licorice and severe hypertension reversibility on discontinuation — PubMed: Reversibility

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Research Papers: Cross-Cutting (Mechanism, Pharmacology, Reviews)

  1. Asl MN, Hosseinzadeh H (2008). Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytotherapy Research. — PubMed PMID: 18446848
  2. Glycyrrhizin and CYP450 drug interactions — PubMed: CYP interactions
  3. Licorice and warfarin / anticoagulant interaction — PubMed: Warfarin interaction
  4. Isoliquiritigenin anti-inflammatory and NF-kappa-B inhibition — PubMed: Isoliquiritigenin NF-kB
  5. Glabridin and tyrosinase inhibition for skin pigmentation — PubMed: Glabridin skin
  6. Glycyrrhizin and respiratory mucus expectorant activity — PubMed: Expectorant action
  7. Glycyrrhiza uralensis vs glabra chemical comparison — PubMed: Species comparison
  8. Licorice as harmonizer in classical Chinese formulas (gan cao) — PubMed: Gan cao in formulas
  9. Glycyrrhizin in cosmetic and dermatologic formulations — PubMed: Cosmetic glycyrrhizin
  10. Licorice as adjunct to corticosteroid taper (potential effect) — PubMed: Corticosteroid taper

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External Authoritative Resources

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Connections

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