Saccharomyces boulardii, the Probiotic Yeast

Table of Contents

1. A Yeast Among Bacteria
2. From Lychee and Mangosteen to a Medicine Cabinet
3. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
4. Clostridioides difficile
5. Traveler's Diarrhea
6. Acute Diarrhea in Children
7. Helicobacter pylori Treatment Side Effects
8. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
9. Bloodstream Infections and Other Safety Findings
10. What the Trials Gave
11. What Is Not Known
12. Key Research Papers
13. Connections
14. Featured Videos

A Yeast Among Bacteria

Bacteria and yeasts are very different kinds of cell. Antibacterial antibiotics work by hitting structures that bacteria have and yeasts lack, such as the bacterial cell wall and bacterial ribosomes. A Lactobacillus capsule taken during an antibiotic course is itself a target. A yeast is not, which is why trials could give Saccharomyces boulardii at the same time as the antibiotic rather than around it. The 2005 trial in children gave both together for the whole course, and the 1994 Clostridioides difficile trial combined the yeast with vancomycin or metronidazole.

A 2020 review of the yeast's biology lists other differences reported in the laboratory and in pharmacokinetic studies:

• Body-temperature growth. It grows best at 37 °C, human body temperature, while ordinary Saccharomyces cerevisiae grows best at 30 °C.
• Acid tolerance. After one hour at pH 2, about as acidic as an empty stomach, 75% of Saccharomyces boulardii cells stayed viable compared with 30% of ordinary Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A separate genetic study also found increased resistance to acidic pH.
• No lasting colony. The review reports that it does not persist in the intestine beyond three to five days after the last dose, so its presence depends on continued dosing.
• Resistance genes. The review states that it is not known to acquire antibiotic resistance genes, unlike bacterial probiotics such as Lactobacillus species.

The best-studied mechanism involves a protein the yeast releases. Work in rats and in human colon tissue identified a 54-kilodalton protease, an enzyme that cuts other proteins, which digests Clostridioides difficile toxins A and B and the receptor toxin A binds to. In human colon tissue held in laboratory chambers, drops in the tissue's barrier function caused by toxin A and toxin B were reversed by 60% and 68% when the toxins were first exposed to this protease. That is a laboratory result and does not by itself show what happens in a patient. The 2020 review also describes gut-barrier, immune and competitive effects, drawn largely from animal and cell work.

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From Lychee and Mangosteen to a Medicine Cabinet

As reported in a 2017 genome paper, the French scientist Henri Boulard first isolated the yeast from lychee and mangosteen fruit in 1923. A 2007 genetic study gives the shorter version: a yeast isolated from fruit in Indochina and used as a remedy for diarrhea since 1950. The details of that early story come down through later papers as background, not from original records read for this page.

The name is also a matter of history. The organism was first described as its own species. Genetic work then showed its genome to be so similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae that the 2007 authors described the two as belonging to one species, and the name Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety boulardii appears in the literature. This has a practical side: in one hospital study described below, routine laboratory methods could not tell the probiotic from ordinary Saccharomyces cerevisiae in blood cultures.

The genetic features that set it apart are still being worked out:

• The 2007 study found an extra copy of chromosome IX, changed copy numbers of a number of individual genes, and an inability to form spores.
• In the same study, the differences it found did not go along with better sticking to gut-lining cells or better transit through the gut in mice.
• The 2017 paper compared its genomes with 145 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and placed it alongside wine strains. It found that the genes linked to known probiotic properties are also conserved in most other strains of the species.

In other words, the reason this one strain behaves as a probiotic is not fully explained by its genes so far. Some papers name the strain as CNCM I-745, a culture collection number and not a brand, while others name only the species.

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Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

This is the use with the most trials. A 2015 meta-analysis pooled 21 randomized trials with 4,780 participants:

• Everyone combined. Diarrhea fell from 18.7% to 8.5% (risk ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.38–0.57). About 10 people needed the yeast for one case to be prevented.
• Children. From 20.9% to 8.8% (6 trials, 1,653 children, risk ratio 0.43).
• Adults. From 17.4% to 8.2% (15 trials, 3,114 adults, risk ratio 0.49).

A risk ratio of 0.47 means the risk in the yeast group was a little under half the risk in the comparison group. An earlier meta-analysis limited to adults reached almost the same figure (risk ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.35–0.63).

Individual trials show how the numbers look in practice:

• Children, 2005. A double-blind trial enrolled 269 children aged 6 months to 14 years on antibiotics for ear or respiratory infections. Diarrhea occurred in 8% of those on the yeast and 23% of those on placebo, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea specifically in 3.4% and 17.3%. No adverse events were observed.
• Hospitalized adults, 2006. In 151 patients not needing intensive care, diarrhea occurred in 1.4% (1 of 73) on the yeast and 9% (7 of 78) on placebo.
• Hospitalized adults, 2026. A single-center trial of 100 patients reported 7.8% on the yeast and 71.4% on placebo (risk ratio 0.11). The authors point to the unusually high placebo rate and the single-center design and state that larger trials are needed. No toxin-positive Clostridioides difficile infections were found in either group.

The wider probiotic picture points the same way. A 2019 Cochrane review of all probiotics in children (33 studies, 6,352 children) found diarrhea in 8% versus 19% (risk ratio 0.45), with larger effects at 5 billion or more colony-forming units a day. It rated the certainty of that evidence as moderate, and 20 of the 33 studies as high risk of bias. An evidence guide published in 2018 graded this yeast among the probiotics with strong evidence for preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea; the guide was funded by an educational grant from a probiotic maker, and its authors disclose ties to the industry.

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Clostridioides difficile

Clostridioides difficile is a toxin-producing bacterium that can overgrow after antibiotics, causing diarrhea and sometimes severe colitis. Evidence for the yeast here is weaker and less consistent than for antibiotic-associated diarrhea generally. See the Clostridioides difficile Infection page for the disease itself.

Preventing a first case. In the 2015 meta-analysis specific to this yeast, the reduction reached significance only in children (2 trials, 579 children, risk ratio 0.25, 95% confidence interval 0.08–0.73). In adults it did not (9 trials, 1,441 adults, risk ratio 0.8, 95% confidence interval 0.47–1.34).

All probiotics together. The 2025 Cochrane review covers 47 studies with 15,260 people, across many probiotic strains and not this yeast alone. In 38 trials (13,179 participants), the disease occurred in 1.6% of those on probiotics and 3.2% of controls (risk ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.38–0.64). The reviewers rated this low-certainty evidence and describe a small absolute benefit: about 65 people taking probiotics for one case prevented. Length of hospital stay likely did not change. They noted company affiliations or funding in 28 of the studies, and they frame the finding for people on antibiotics who are not immunocompromised. The 2017 edition had reported that the effect was concentrated in trials where the baseline risk was above 5% (3.1% versus 11.6%, risk ratio 0.30), in an analysis planned after the fact.

Preventing a recurrence. Two older trials tested the yeast alongside standard antibiotics in people who already had the disease:

• 1994. In 124 adults, recurrence was lower overall with the yeast (risk ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.20–0.97). The benefit was significant in people with earlier episodes (34.6% versus 64.7%) and absent in people with a first episode (19.3% versus 24.2%). There were no serious adverse reactions. People recently treated with cancer chemotherapy or immunosuppressed by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were not eligible.
• 2000. In people with recurrent disease, the yeast cut recurrences only in the group on high-dose vancomycin (16.7% versus 50%, P=.05). Other antibiotic regimens in the trial did not show a significant decrease.

These two trials are decades old and used the antibiotic regimens of their time, so how they apply alongside later treatments is an open question.

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Traveler's Diarrhea

Rates of traveler's diarrhea range from 5% to 50% depending on the destination. The main source is a 2007 meta-analysis of 12 randomized trials across several probiotics. Probiotics as a group modestly lowered the risk (risk ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.79–0.91), about a 15% reduction. The author reported significant efficacy for Saccharomyces boulardii and for a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. No serious adverse reactions were reported in the 12 trials.

This is a smaller effect than the one seen with antibiotics, and the search behind it ended in 2005. The 2010 review of adult trials, by the same author, also supported this use. A pooled risk for this yeast alone, with a dose attached, does not appear in the abstracts read for this page.

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Acute Diarrhea in Children

Here the headline numbers and the quality of the trials pull in different directions, and the reviews reach different conclusions.

• 2020 meta-analysis of this yeast. In 23 trials with 3,450 children, it shortened diarrhea by about a day (mean difference 1.06 days) and hospital stays by 0.85 days (8 trials, 999 children). The reviewers rated this as very low quality. Trials varied widely (I² 90%), only 38% adequately generated their randomization, only 17% adequately concealed allocation, and only one adequately blinded participants, staff and outcome assessors.
• 2025 meta-analysis of Chinese trials. In 10 trials with 1,125 children receiving rehydration therapy, the CNCM I-745 strain shortened illness by a standardized 1.63 days and more children were cured (risk ratio 1.47). All ten trials came from Chinese databases, and none were found in non-Chinese ones. The paper's disclosure lists industry consulting for one author.
• 2020 Cochrane review of all probiotics. In 82 studies with 12,127 participants, the analysis of trials at low risk of bias found no difference in diarrhea lasting 48 hours or longer (risk ratio 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.91–1.09). Duration was 8.64 hours shorter on average, with an uncertainty range from 29.4 hours shorter to 12.1 hours longer. Subgroup analyses limited to this yeast showed similar effect sizes and persistent inconsistency. The reviewers concluded that probiotics probably make little or no difference to diarrhea lasting 48 hours or longer, and were uncertain about duration. No serious adverse events were attributed to probiotics.

Put together: smaller, less rigorous trials report about a day saved, and the most rigorous trials of probiotics as a class do not confirm it.

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Helicobacter pylori Treatment Side Effects

Eradicating Helicobacter pylori takes a multi-drug course, and side effects such as abdominal pain and diarrhea are common. The yeast is studied as an add-on. The parent article gives the headline results of a 2025 meta-analysis; the details below show where the benefit does and does not appear.

• 2025 meta-analysis. 19 studies, 5,036 cases. Eradication rose slightly (risk ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.15). Total side effects were about halved (risk ratio 0.49), with diarrhea (0.36), bloating (0.49), constipation (0.38) and nausea (0.50) all lower. Abdominal pain, vomiting and taste disorders did not fall.
• 2023 meta-analysis in children. 15 trials, 2,156 children. Eradication was 87.7% with the yeast and 75.9% without it (risk ratio 1.14). Total adverse events were 9.2% versus 29.2%, diarrhea 14.7% versus 32.4%, and nausea 12.7% versus 21.3%. The authors reported similar results for vomiting and abdominal pain, which differs from the 2025 analysis.

The pattern is a clearer effect on side effects than on eradication. A risk ratio of 1.11 on eradication is a small gain on an already common outcome, while the fall in diarrhea is large. The 2023 analysis looked at standard triple therapy in children, so its results may not carry over to other regimens. For the drug regimens themselves, see Triple and Quadruple Antibiotic Therapy.

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome

The evidence here is thin. Both trials read for this page are small, and in both, symptoms also improved on placebo while quality-of-life scores favored the yeast.

• 2011. 67 patients with diarrhea-predominant or mixed irritable bowel syndrome took the yeast or placebo daily for 4 weeks. Quality-of-life scores improved 15.4% on the yeast and 7.0% on placebo. Composite symptom scores fell to a similar extent in both groups, and bowel frequency and stool consistency did not change in either. The authors concluded it was not superior for individual symptoms.
• 2014. 72 patients with diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome, all also on ispaghula husk (psyllium), took the yeast or placebo for 6 weeks. Inflammatory markers in blood and gut tissue improved in the yeast group, as did tissue findings and quality of life. Bowel symptoms in daily diaries improved in both groups. No serious adverse events occurred. The authors called the results preliminary and stated they need confirming in a well-powered trial.

The 2010 review of adult trials listed irritable bowel syndrome among uses that show promise but need more supporting evidence. For other options studied in this condition, see Peppermint, Probiotics and Herbals for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

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Bloodstream Infections and Other Safety Findings

The trials above reported few side effects, and several report no serious ones. The 2020 biology review states that no fungemia, meaning yeast in the bloodstream, was reported in clinical trials. Fungemia does appear in hospital reports, and the setting is consistent: very ill patients, often in intensive care, often with a central venous catheter or tube or intravenous feeding.

How often. One large hospital study looked at 46,729 adult patients from 2016 to 2019, at a facility using the yeast to try to prevent Clostridioides difficile. Of 16,404 people given the yeast, 18 (0.11%) had Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the blood, or 1.70 cases per 10,000 patient-days. Intensive care raised the odds about sixfold (odds ratio 6.55), and the rate was 0.26 cases per 1,000 central-line days. The authors concluded that the risk did not appear greater than that of any hospital-acquired bloodstream infection. It is one retrospective study from one setting, and its laboratory could not separate the two yeasts.

Who. A 2023 systematic review found 108 analyzable Saccharomyces fungemia cases published from 2005 to 2022; 73 (67.6%) had received this probiotic. Risk factors tied to the probiotic cases were intensive care stays, intravenous or tube feeding, diarrheal illness, and diabetes. All-cause death across the 108 patients was 36.1%, with no significant difference between those who had taken the probiotic and those who had not. These were very sick people, so that figure reflects their illness as well as the infection.

How it may reach the blood. Case reports propose several routes:

• Contaminated catheters. A 2000 report of four cases, all with an indwelling vascular catheter, found contamination of the air, surfaces and hands after a packet was opened. The authors recommended opening packets with gloves, outside the patient's room.
• A case without treatment. In a 2002 report of seven cases in one 12-bed intensive care unit, all were on ventilators, antibiotics and central venous catheters, and one had not been pretreated with the yeast, which the authors link to possible catheter contamination. Genomes matched the treatment packets. The authors stated they did not recommend it for critically ill patients.
• Through the gut wall. The same 2002 authors also proposed movement across the gut wall in severely ill patients at high doses, and massive colonization of critically ill patients.

A 2005 outbreak report is the clearest single example. Three intensive care patients developed fungemia in the second half of April 2003. The only risk factor identified was the probiotic, given by nasogastric tube, and only 2 of 41 comparison patients had received it. Strains from the capsules and the patients had identical DNA fingerprinting, and stopping the product in the unit ended the outbreak. A literature review in the same paper found another 57 cases. Overall, 60% were in intensive care, 71% were on tube or intravenous feeding, 26 had detected probiotic use, and 17 died.

Treatment of these infections. The 2020 review states that cases responded well to fluconazole or amphotericin B. A 2017 case of an 8-year-old in pediatric surgical intensive care did not respond to caspofungin and was treated with amphotericin B.

Preterm infants. In October 2023 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration stated that preterm infants given a probiotic product are at risk of invasive, potentially fatal infection from the bacteria or yeast in it, and that it has not approved any probiotic product for use as a drug or biological product in infants of any age. That statement concerns probiotic products broadly, not this yeast alone.

Everyday side effects. In the 2025 Cochrane review of all probiotics, adverse events were if anything slightly less common in the probiotic groups (10.9% versus 12.2%). The most common in both groups were abdominal cramping, nausea, fever, soft stools, flatulence and taste disturbance.

Decisions about medicines and supplements in hospital, especially around central lines and immune suppression, belong with the treating team.

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What the Trials Gave

Doses varied by trial and condition. These are reports of what was given in each study, not a suggested amount.

• Children on antibiotics (2005): the trial gave 250 mg twice daily for the length of the antibiotic course.
• Hospitalized adults on antibiotics (2026): the trial gave 250 mg twice daily for 28 days.
• Hospitalized adults on antibiotics (2006): the trial gave the yeast twice daily during the antibiotic course, started within 48 hours of the antibiotic. The abstract does not state the amount.
• Clostridioides difficile recurrence (1994): the trial gave 1 g a day for 4 weeks alongside a standard antibiotic.
• Clostridioides difficile recurrence (2000): the trial gave 1 g a day for 28 days, started after 10 days of a standard antibiotic.
• Irritable bowel syndrome (2014): the trial gave 750 mg a day for 6 weeks together with ispaghula husk.
• Irritable bowel syndrome (2011): the trial gave a fixed daily count of live cells for 4 weeks.
• Intensive care (2002 report): the unit was giving 1–2 g a day, in 500 mg packets, when its seven fungemia cases occurred. The authors discuss high dosage as one possible factor.

The pooled analyses in the earlier sections combine trials with differing doses and durations, so no single best dose comes out of them.

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What Is Not Known

• Long-term use. Nearly all the trials here last days to weeks, so they say little about taking it for months or years.
• Head-to-head comparisons. Most trials compare the yeast with placebo or no treatment, not with a bacterial probiotic, so its standing among probiotics rests largely on indirect comparison.
• Recovery of the native microbiome. The parent article describes research in which a multi-strain probiotic delayed recovery after antibiotics. That work did not test this yeast alone, and the papers read here do not settle the question for it.
• Trial quality. Many trials are small, poorly blinded or tied to manufacturers. The Cochrane reviews repeatedly mark down certainty for these reasons, and in acute diarrhea the trials at low risk of bias showed no clear effect.
• The true fungemia rate outside hospitals. The incidence study above covers hospitalized adults, and most other data are case reports. Case reports show that it happens, not how often.
• People with weakened immunity. The 1994 trial excluded some immunosuppressed patients, and the 2025 Cochrane framing refers to people who are not immunocompromised, leaving little trial evidence in this group.
• Antifungal medicines. As a yeast, it is treated with antifungals when it causes infection. The abstracts read for this page do not report what happens when someone on an antifungal also takes the probiotic.
• Why this strain works. Genome comparison has not yet explained which genes account for its probiotic behavior, as the genes linked to it are conserved in most Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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Key Research Papers

1. Szajewska H, Kołodziej M. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(7):793-801. PubMed PMID: 26216624
2. McFarland LV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(18):2202-22. PubMed PMID: 20458757
3. Kotowska M, Albrecht P, Szajewska H. Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21(5):583-90. PubMed PMID: 15740542
4. Can M, Beşirbellioglu BA, Avci IY, Beker CM, Pahsa A. Prophylactic Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a prospective study. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12(4):PI19-22. PubMed PMID: 16572062
5. Kovacevic P, Mrdja V, Kovacevic T, Mrdja J, Soldatovic I, Rajkovaca Z. Saccharomyces boulardii for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Hospitalized Patients Receiving Antibiotics: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antibiotics (Basel). 2026;15(9):868. PubMed PMID: 42792018
6. Guo Q, Goldenberg JZ, Humphrey C, El Dib R, Johnston BC. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4(4):CD004827. PubMed PMID: 31039287
7. Sniffen JC, McFarland LV, Evans CT, Goldstein EJC. Choosing an appropriate probiotic product for your patient: An evidence-based practical guide. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0209205. PubMed PMID: 30586435
8. Esmaeilinezhad Z, Ghosh NR, Walsh CM, Steen JP, Burgman AM, Mertz D, Johnston BC. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;9(9):CD006095. PubMed PMID: 40931979
9. Goldenberg JZ, Yap C, Lytvyn L, Lo CK, Beardsley J, Mertz D, Johnston BC. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12(12):CD006095. PubMed PMID: 29257353
10. McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, Fekety R, Elmer GW, Moyer KA, Melcher SA, Bowen KE, Cox JL, Noorani Z, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. JAMA. 1994;271(24):1913-8. PubMed PMID: 8201735
11. Surawicz CM, McFarland LV, Greenberg RN, Rubin M, Fekety R, Mulligan ME, Garcia RJ, Brandmarker S, Bowen K, Borjal D, Elmer GW. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(4):1012-7. PubMed PMID: 11049785
12. Castagliuolo I, Riegler MF, Valenick L, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C. Saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in human colonic mucosa. Infect Immun. 1999;67(1):302-7. PubMed PMID: 9864230
13. McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2007;5(2):97-105. PubMed PMID: 17298915
14. Szajewska H, Kołodziej M, Zalewski BM. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute gastroenteritis in children-a 2020 update. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(7):678-688. PubMed PMID: 32056266
15. McFarland LV, Li T. Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 for the treatment of pediatric acute diarrhea in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;15:1587792. PubMed PMID: 40535538
16. Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, Gregorio GV, Li C, Dans LF, Allen SJ. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;12(12):CD003048. PubMed PMID: 33295643
17. Li M, Xie Y. Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii as an adjuvant therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;15:1441185. PubMed PMID: 40012609
18. Liu LH, Han B, Tao J, Zhang K, Wang XK, Wang WY. The effect of Saccharomyces boulardii supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Randomized controlled trials. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):878. PubMed PMID: 38102568
19. Choi CH, Jo SY, Park HJ, Chang SK, Byeon JS, Myung SJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of saccharomyces boulardii in irritable bowel syndrome: effect on quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(8):679-83. PubMed PMID: 21301358
20. Abbas Z, Yakoob J, Jafri W, Ahmad Z, Azam Z, Usman MW, Shamim S, Islam M. Cytokine and clinical response to Saccharomyces boulardii therapy in diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26(6):630-9. PubMed PMID: 24722560
21. Vinayagamoorthy K, Pentapati KC, Prakash H. Epidemiology of Saccharomyces fungemia: A systematic review. Med Mycol. 2023;61(2):myad014. PubMed PMID: 36806741
22. Wombwell E, Bransteitter B, Gillen LR. Incidence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in hospitalised patients administered Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic. Mycoses. 2021;64(12):1521-1526. PubMed PMID: 34585799
23. Muñoz P, Bouza E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Eiros JM, Pérez MJ, Sánchez-Somolinos M, Rincón C, Hortal J, Peláez T. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(11):1625-34. PubMed PMID: 15889360
24. Lherm T, Monet C, Nougière B, Soulier M, Larbi D, Le Gall C, Caen D, Malbrunot C. Seven cases of fungemia with Saccharomyces boulardii in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(6):797-801. PubMed PMID: 12107689
25. Hennequin C, Kauffmann-Lacroix C, Jobert A, Viard JP, Ricour C, Jacquemin JL, Berche P. Possible role of catheters in Saccharomyces boulardii fungemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;19(1):16-20. PubMed PMID: 10706174
26. Atıcı S, Soysal A, Karadeniz Cerit K, Yılmaz Ş, Aksu B, Kıyan G, Bakır M. Catheter-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fungemia Following Saccharomyces boulardii Probiotic Treatment: In a child in intensive care unit and review of the literature. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2017;15:33-35. PubMed PMID: 28280685
27. Edwards-Ingram L, Gitsham P, Burton N, Warhurst G, Clarke I, Hoyle D, Oliver SG, Stateva L. Genotypic and physiological characterization of Saccharomyces boulardii, the probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(8):2458-67. PubMed PMID: 17293506
28. Khatri I, Tomar R, Ganesan K, Prasad GS, Subramanian S. Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):371. PubMed PMID: 28336969
29. Pais P, Almeida V, Yılmaz M, Teixeira MC. Saccharomyces boulardii: What Makes It Tick as Successful Probiotic? J Fungi (Basel). 2020;6(2):78. PubMed PMID: 32512834

PubMed Topic Searches

1. PubMed: Saccharomyces boulardii randomized trials
2. PubMed: Saccharomyces boulardii and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
3. PubMed: Saccharomyces boulardii and Clostridioides difficile
4. PubMed: Saccharomyces boulardii fungemia

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Connections

• Probiotic Strains and Selection
• Probiotics Benefits Hub
• Probiotics Overview
• Probiotics for Gut Health
• Clostridioides difficile Infection
• C. diff Treatment and Prevention
• H. pylori Triple and Quadruple Therapy
• Peppermint, Probiotics and Herbals for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Chronic Diarrhea
• Probiotic Strains for Gut Repair

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