The Lebendige Kraft Sanatorium in Zurich (1904–1994)

Table of Contents

1. From Seven Beds to a Sanatorium (1897–1904)
2. The House on the Zürichberg
3. The Family and Staff Who Ran It
4. The Daily Routine
5. Diet, Water, Light and the Other Treatments
6. What a Stay Cost, and the Ward for Those of Lesser Means
7. Thomas Mann’s Stay in 1909
8. The Swedish Patients
9. An International Reputation
10. After 1939: The Bircher-Benner Clinic and Its Closing
11. The Archive at the University of Zurich
12. Key Research Papers
13. Connections
14. Featured Videos

1. From Seven Beds to a Sanatorium (1897–1904)

Bircher-Benner began as a general practitioner. On December 1, 1891, straight after finishing his studies, he set up practice in Aussersihl, the industrial working-class district of Zurich. There, in 1895, came what the Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz calls the “decisive experience” that convinced him of the healing power of raw plant food: a woman with a long-standing stomach illness recovered on a raw diet. That story, and the raw apple that preceded it, are told on The Raw Apple Cure.

In the late autumn of 1897 he opened a small private clinic on the Zürichberg, at Asylstrasse 35. The Lexikon calls it a “private clinic for dietetics and physical healing methods”; Meyer-Renschhausen and Wirz describe “a clinic with seven beds for alternative medicine in an affluent residential part of Zurich”, opened beside “a small centre for physical- and hydrotherapy”. The German Wikipedia article adds that he also ran a “Centralbad” (central bath) in the city centre, at Waldmannstrasse 9, together with his colleague Heinrich Hotz; its 1901 prospectus described it as an institute for physical therapy, a water and light cure establishment, with an electric tannin bath and Tesla-current treatment.

The little clinic, in Meyer-Renschhausen and Wirz’s words, “proved such a success that soon he had to relocate and expand. In 1904 he moved the clinic, which he called Lebendige Kraft (vital force), further up the hill, next to the woods on the outskirts of the town, and close to the Dolder Grand Hotel.” Some English-language summaries put the opening of the “Vital Force” sanatorium in 1897; the scholarly sources separate the two: the small clinic of 1897 and the Lebendige Kraft sanatorium of 1904. The story of his early career is on Max Bircher-Benner: Life and Career.

Back to Table of Contents

2. The House on the Zürichberg

Location. The sanatorium stood at Keltenstrasse 48 on the Zürichberg, “in bester Lage über dem See”, in the German Wikipedia article’s words: in the best position above the lake. It was at the edge of the town beside the forest, which mattered to the daily routine (section 4), and next to the grand hotel on the Dolder. Meyer-Renschhausen and Wirz call the move a good one, “for he could now socialize with the wealthy and famous guests at the hotel—Russian aristocrats, German and Dutch business people, and famous international artists—precisely those at whom he had originally aimed his medical ideas”. These people, they add, “had money, and they suffered from all the ailments and degenerative diseases that he believed were associated with economic growth, affluence, and overeating.”

Size. The house began with about 20 beds and was enlarged between 1906 and 1914 to 80 beds, according to the German Wikipedia article. Eklöf gives the same figure from the other direction: the larger clinic opened in 1904 “on the hill above Zurich” and ten years later had room for eighty in-patients. Many patients, she notes, were day patients rather than residents.

What it called itself. An early prospectus, from before 1907, was titled Prospekt von Dr. Bircher-Benners «Sanatorium Lebendige Kraft». Heilanstalt für die Anwendung der Diätetik und der physikalischen Heilkräfte: a healing institution “for the application of dietetics and of the physical healing forces”. Eklöf writes that it was marketed as an institution for the “energetic and psychic treatment of internal diseases and psychoneuroses” (translated from the Swedish). Bircher-Benner himself, the German Wikipedia article records, called his sanatorium a Lebensschule, a “school of life”, and an “effective instrument against the degeneration” of the population through an “unnatural” way of living.

The buildings. A 1909 photograph in the Bircher-Benner archive shows the dining room, where, in Eklöf’s caption, patients “from all corners of the world” ate according to an individually set diet plan, with raw food as the main food. When the site was sold, swissinfo.ch described it as made up of “the original Bircher-Benner clinic, its three chalets, and Bircher-Benner’s private residence”.

Back to Table of Contents

3. The Family and Staff Who Ran It

Lebendige Kraft was a family house. The German Wikipedia article, drawing on the family history, lists who did what:

• His sisters ran the kitchen and household. Alice von Brasch-Bircher (1879–1916) was head of housekeeping from 1897 to 1907 and in 1906 published a book of dietetic menus and meatless recipes. Berta Brupbacher-Bircher (1870–1951) held the post from 1907 to 1944 and wrote the Wendepunkt-Kochbuch (1927). The printed version of his 1933 London address names her as the sister “who has been responsible throughout for the catering at the sanatorium”.
• A house physician. From 1911 to 1919 the psychotherapist Alphonse Maeder (1882–1971) was house physician at the clinic.
• His sons. Max Edwin worked there from 1922 to 1929, after training in America, including at John Harvey Kellogg’s sanatorium in Battle Creek; Willy from 1924; Franklin from 1929; and Ralph, who edited the house journal Der Wendepunkt, from 1932. Each, the article says, brought his own specialist knowledge.
• The laboratory. Alfred Kunz-Bircher, a chemist and the husband of his daughter Ruth, led the clinic’s chemical and clinical laboratory from 1931.
• Movement and crafts. His daughter Elisabeth Favaretto-Bircher taught dance gymnastics at the sanatorium and ran a small bookbinding workshop.

Bircher-Benner himself remained chief physician until his death; the Neue Deutsche Biographie describes him as chief physician of his clinic for forty-two years. He told his London audience in 1933 that he followed his diet “strictly”, and that patients in his sanatorium were “always trying to find out through nurses and servants” whether he secretly ate meat or drank wine.

Back to Table of Contents

4. The Daily Routine

The sources agree that life at Lebendige Kraft was strictly ordered. The German Wikipedia article says plainly: “Der Tagesablauf im Sanatorium auf dem Zürichberg war streng geregelt” (the daily routine at the sanatorium on the Zürichberg was strictly regulated). The items the sources name are these:

• A walk before breakfast. “Each morning, before breakfast, he sent his patients on a long walk in the nearby forest,” write Meyer-Renschhausen and Wirz. The museum historian Eberhard Wolff told swissinfo.ch that at the clinic “you had to undergo ‘Ordnungstherapie’ which included first having a stroll in the morning before you had any breakfast.”
• Raw-food meals. Meals opened with fruit or muesli, followed by a platter of raw vegetables and green salad, then a cooked dish, then dessert. Patients ate to an individually set diet plan, usually raw food at first and later sometimes a “normal diet”. The meal order is set out on Bircher-Benner’s Raw Food (Rohkost) Therapy, and the apple dish itself on The Original Bircher Muesli.
• Exercise and physical training. A programme of what the German article calls körperliche Ertüchtigung (“physical fitness training”): movement therapy, gymnastics, and Terraintraining, graded walking on the hill paths.
• Gardening. Garden work is named by the German article, by Wolff (“work in the garden”) and by Meyer-Renschhausen and Wirz.
• Sun, light, air and water. Eklöf writes that patients were treated with “sun, light, air and water baths of various kinds”; the German article lists heliotherapy (sun treatment) and hydrotherapy.
• Rest. A Liegekur, the rest cure lying down in the open air, and, for all patients, attempts at relaxation, regular sleeping habits and “an ordered rhythm of the day and way of life” (Eklöf).
• Art and music. The programme included personal engagement with art and music.
• Early lights out. “Um 21 Uhr begann die Nachtruhe”: night rest began at nine in the evening.

What was left out mattered as much. Meyer-Renschhausen and Wirz describe a “well-ordered life in harmony with nature’s cycles, eating moderately, abstaining from stimulants, and avoiding stress”; alcohol, coffee, chocolate and tobacco had no place in the house. Bircher-Benner told his London audience in 1933, “I have not taken alcohol for forty years.” In 1937 he gave the whole system its name, Ordnungstherapie (“order therapy”), with its rules for nutrition, the skin, breathing, movement, the rhythm of life and the life of the mind. See Ordnungstherapie: Bircher-Benner’s Laws of Order for Health.

Back to Table of Contents

5. Diet, Water, Light and the Other Treatments

The sanatorium described itself as a house for dietetics and the physical healing forces, and the sources name the following treatments:

• Diet first. Raw plant food was the centre of the therapy, on Bircher-Benner’s rule that the more severe and stubborn the illness, the larger the share of raw food. In his 1933 address he said that he had treated “in my sanatorium” all the diseases of nutrition “under exact conditions of chemico-physiological control and medical supervision, with the help of all factors of physical and psychical therapy and diminishing as far as possible the use of drugs”. He also reported a test on the house itself: “In June, 1930, 71 patients in my Sanatorium had for four days a raw vegetable diet deficient in purins.”
• Water and electricity. “Like other natural-health practitioners, Max Bircher-Benner abstained as far as possible from the use of drugs, favouring different kinds of natural therapeutic methods such as hydro- and electrotherapy” (Meyer-Renschhausen and Wirz). He had studied the water cures of Sebastian Kneipp and Wilhelm Winternitz before opening his clinic. A photograph in the Bircher-Benner archive, shown at the Swiss National Museum in 2010, records a hydrotherapy body compress as one of the sanatorium’s treatments. For the method in general see Hydrotherapy.
• Sun, light and air baths and heliotherapy (section 4). For the light-cure tradition of the same years see Niels Finsen.
• Movement and massage. Walks, gymnastics and terrain training for all; massage for some.
• The mouth. Patients’ mouths were examined closely and treated where needed, Eklöf writes, because “oral sepsis” was then held to be the root of much ill health.
• The mind. He held, Eklöf writes, that the psychotherapists’ neglect of the body was as one-sided as the doctors’ neglect of the soul, and built a treatment plan for body, soul and spirit. A psychotherapist served as house physician from 1911, his son Willy trained in psychotherapy in Vienna, and his son Franklin trained in psychoanalysis.
• The doctor as guide. Great weight was placed on contact between patient and doctor, “with the doctor as an authoritative and educating guide and the patient as an active party” in the effort toward a healthier life (Eklöf, translated).

Fasting cures and raw-juice courses are not described as part of his own regime in the sources consulted for this page. Where Eklöf mentions them, they belong to other practitioners and institutions of the time, such as the Swedish health-food leader Are Waerland and a university clinic in Dresden, not to Lebendige Kraft.

Later research has looked at the same kind of combined natural treatment. A 1999 cohort study at four spa clinics in Bavaria followed 363 patients through a standardised three- to four-week Kneipp cure, combining hydrotherapy, exercise therapy, herbal medicine, dietetics and Ordnungstherapie, and measured pain, quality of life and use of medicines during treatment and for a year afterwards; the authors reported that pain, complaints and drug use fell and stayed lower over the follow-up (Leuchtgens and colleagues; reference below).

Back to Table of Contents

6. What a Stay Cost, and the Ward for Those of Lesser Means

Lebendige Kraft was expensive. According to the German Wikipedia article, citing the sanatorium’s own prospectus and Albert Wirz’s book Die Moral auf dem Teller (1993), the normal price of a cure was 84 to 112 Swiss francs a week, at a time when an industrial worker in German-speaking Switzerland earned about 29 francs a week.

In 1907 the house opened a Abteilung für Wenigerbemittelte, a “department for those of lesser means”: two large rooms with three beds each. There the price was cut to 35 to 56 francs a week. In return these patients served themselves and helped with the linen, the preparation of meals, and the housework and garden work.

The Swedish physician Ingeborg Kjellin, who visited in the 1930s, also found it very expensive, Eklöf writes, so that only rich people could be treated there. The junior doctors joked that they spoke not of the patients but of “the millionaires”, who usually came from countries other than Switzerland. A cheaper house followed only in 1939 (section 10).

Back to Table of Contents

7. Thomas Mann’s Stay in 1909

The best-known patient of Lebendige Kraft was the German novelist Thomas Mann, who stayed in 1909. In a letter that year he called the sanatorium a hygienisches Zuchthaus, a “hygienic prison” (swissinfo.ch translates it “a hygienic jail”). The German Wikipedia article adds that he nonetheless praised the effect of the therapy as something he had never experienced before.

swissinfo.ch, reporting on the Swiss National Museum’s 2010 exhibition Zauber Berge (“Magic Mountains”), put it this way: “his regime was not for everyone, and Mann fled after a short stay there, calling it ‘a hygienic jail’.” The German Wikipedia article says the stay helped inspire his novel Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain, 1924). The same swissinfo.ch report places the main impressions behind the novel at a tuberculosis sanatorium in Davos, where Mann visited his wife; the two accounts can both be true, with Zurich as one of the sanatorium experiences he drew on.

A scholarly treatment of the stay appears in the 2010 essay collection on the sanatorium edited by Eberhard Wolff, under the title “Zwischen ‘Zauberberg’ und ‘Zuchthaus’” (“Between ‘Magic Mountain’ and ‘prison’”); that chapter was not read for this page.

Back to Table of Contents

8. The Swedish Patients

The historian Motzi Eklöf has studied the Swedes who travelled to Zurich for treatment. In her Lychnos article (2005) she reports, from the sanatorium records:

• From 1904 until Bircher-Benner’s death and the outbreak of war in 1939, Swedes were the third-largest nationality among his patients, at 16 percent, after the Swiss (32 percent) and the Germans (30 percent).
• Most were day patients, but there were at least 69 Swedish in-patients in this period, against only a few from Finland, Norway and Denmark.
• Of the in-patients, half came from the Stockholm area and 55 percent were women. Occupations, names and titles from the upper layers of society dominated, and the home addresses given were usually in the “finer” districts.
• Stays ranged from barely a week to several months, and some patients came back more than once. Some were plainly regular visitors to the spas of Europe, such as Karlsbad, Bad Gastein and Vichy, or stopped in Zurich on their way to the Riviera; others travelled specifically to the clinic because they had already met his ideas in Sweden and wanted to try them “under his and the doctor sons’ personal wings”.
• Swedes kept coming for treatment in the second half of the twentieth century, and Swedish doctors came as patients, on study visits, or to work at the clinic for a time.

Her shorter paper in the Swedish medical journal Läkartidningen (2008) is titled, in PubMed’s English, “They searched help across the borders. Patients from Sweden in Switzerland at Dr Bircher-Benner’s health resort in 1928–1939”. The Lychnos article gives the overall figures for 1904–1939 and notes that her first presentation of the patient files covered 1906–1939.

The house also shaped Swedish medicine. In 1936 the physician Ingeborg Kjellin published a report of a study tour in the Swedish medical journal. She visited German hospitals that used vegetable and largely raw diets, and finally Bircher-Benner’s sanatorium in Switzerland, “from which the German diet treatment had most nearly taken its pattern” (Eklöf, translated). Eklöf adds that the Swedish health-home leader Karl-Otto Aly named Bircher-Benner a main inspiration for the Swedish health homes.

Back to Table of Contents

9. An International Reputation

The Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz calls Lebendige Kraft “the soon internationally known sanatorium”. The clinic’s guest book for 1904–1939, held in the Bircher-Benner archive, shows patients arriving, in Eklöf’s list, from Germany, France, North America, Russia, Sweden, Britain, South Africa, the Philippines and Italy, among other countries.

Figures from the 2010 essay collection, as summarised in the German Wikipedia article, describe the patients of 1904–1939 as a whole:

• By sex: women 60 percent, men 40 percent.
• By country: Switzerland 32 percent, Germany 30, Sweden 16, France 5, the Netherlands 4, Russia 4, Austria 2, Britain 1 and the United States 1 percent. Of the Swiss, almost half (46 percent) came from the canton of Zurich.
• By occupation: housewives 28 percent, teachers and professors 11, pupils and students 10, the self-employed 8, engineers and scientists 8, artists 6, private persons of means 5, employees 5, doctors and nurses 5, and smaller groups of civil servants, craftsmen, domestic servants, clergy, soldiers and social workers.

The First World War cut the number of patients sharply; the 1920s brought a new upswing. By the early 1930s, according to the front matter of his 1933 London address, a medical institute called “Les Forces Vives” had been founded in Paris “to carry out his teaching”, his son Franklin Bircher-Rey had lectured at the Sorbonne, “several clinics are working on Dr. Bircher-Benner’s lines” in Germany, and he had “recently spoke[n] to 400 doctors at Hamburg” and to the doctors, dentists and educators of Vienna. The nutrition scientist Claus Leitzmann (2014), reviewing the history of vegetarian nutrition, places him among its prominent figures beside Sylvester Graham and John Harvey Kellogg.

Back to Table of Contents

10. After 1939: The Bircher-Benner Clinic and Its Closing

A new name. Bircher-Benner died on January 24, 1939, and the same year the sanatorium was renamed the Bircher-Benner Clinic (Bircher-Benner-Privatklinik) in his memory.

The family carried it on. The sources name his sons and his niece, but differ on who led it when:

• The German Wikipedia article says his sons Franklin and Willy took over the leadership; it gives Franklin Bircher-Rey as chief physician from 1939 to 1942 and says Willy led the house for several years. The University of Zurich’s archive list describes Willy Bircher (1898–1970) as chief physician of the Bircher-Benner Clinic.
• His niece Dagmar Liechti-von Brasch (1911–1993), daughter of his sister Alice, had lived with the family since childhood and called him her “Onkelpapa”. She became assistant physician in 1939 and later medical director and chief physician. Her years in charge are given as 1942–1973 in one passage of the German Wikipedia article, from 1947 in another, and as 1947–1980 by swissinfo.ch, which reports that she took over “after other solutions—including the sons—had failed”, oversaw “a second blossoming” of the clinic, and retired in 1980. She published on fresh food, cholesterol and arteriosclerosis, and nutrition in pregnancy (references below).
• His daughter Ruth Kunz-Bircher (1902–1997), a concert violinist, is given in the German Wikipedia article as director of the clinic from 1945 to 1993. In the 1950s papers on fresh food and on cholesterol from the clinic appeared in the medical press under the names A. Kunz-Bircher and D. Liechti-von Brasch.

A people’s sanatorium. Planning began in 1937 for a second, cheaper house. With a donation of one million francs from an industrialist, a charitable foundation was set up, land on the Zürichberg was bought in April 1938, and in June 1939, five months after Bircher-Benner’s death, a Volkssanatorium für Ordnungstherapie (“people’s sanatorium for order therapy”) opened, with room for 45 to 48 guests at nine to twelve francs a day. His sons Max Edwin, Franklin and Willy led it at first.

Closing. On May 1, 1973, the clinic passed into the ownership of the canton of Zurich, according to the German Wikipedia article. It closed in 1994 (the Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz and the German Wikipedia article) or 1995 (swissinfo.ch, “In 1995 the clinic was closed and sold”). The German article gives the reasons as several changes of chief physician and too few patients, and says the building was sold in 1998; swissinfo.ch names the lack of a suitable successor and changing times. Eklöf writes that the family carried on the work until 1994, when the buildings were sold for hotel and conference use. Today the site is an executive training centre.

Back to Table of Contents

11. The Archive at the University of Zurich

The records of the sanatorium survive. The Archive for the History of Medicine (Archiv für Medizingeschichte) of the Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine at the University of Zurich lists among its holdings:

• the papers of Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867–1939), described as general practitioner, nutrition reformer, clinic director, Sanatorium «Lebendige Kraft»;
• Bircher-Benner-Klinik documents and photographs, 1891–1969;
• the papers of Willy Bircher (1898–1970), chief physician of the Bircher-Benner Clinic, Ralph Bircher (1899–1990), publisher and editor, and Dagmar Liechti-von Brasch (1911–1993), chief physician of the Bircher-Benner Clinic.

The patient files are closed for data-protection reasons, 120 years after each file was closed, under the archives law of the canton of Zurich. Historians have nonetheless used the records in aggregate: Eklöf’s figures on the Swedish patients, the guest book of 1904–1939 and the 1909 dining-room photograph all come from this archive, and the 2010 Swiss National Museum exhibition drew on it. A centenary article in the Swiss medical journal (Furger, 2004) marked a hundred years since the founding of the sanatorium.

For his books, his journal Der Wendepunkt and the people who carried his ideas on, see Max Bircher-Benner: Books, Successors and Legacy.

Back to Table of Contents

Key Research Papers

1. Meyer-Renschhausen E, Wirz A. Dietetics, health reform and social order: vegetarianism as a moral physiology. The example of Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867-1939). Med Hist. 1999;43(3):323-41. — PubMed PMID: 10885127
2. Eklöf M. [They searched help across the borders. Patients from Sweden in Switzerland at Dr Bircher-Benner’s health resort in 1928-1939]. Lakartidningen. 2008;105(3):147-50. — PubMed PMID: 18290517
3. Melzer J, Melchart D, Saller R. [Development of ‘Ordnungstherapie’ by Bircher-Benner in naturopathy of the 20th century]. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2004;11(5):293-303. — PubMed PMID: 15572870
4. Furger S. Mit Rohkost gegen die Degeneration. Vor 100 Jahren: Max Bircher-Benner gründet das Sanatorium «Lebendige Kraft» [With raw food against degeneration. A hundred years ago: Max Bircher-Benner founds the sanatorium “Lebendige Kraft”]. Schweizerische Ärztezeitung. 2004;85(5):236-238. — DOI: 10.4414/saez.2004.10235
5. Kunz-Bircher A, Liechti-von Brasch D. [Clinical significance of fresh food]. Hippokrates. 1956;27(22):705-13. — PubMed PMID: 13384929
6. Kunz-Bircher A, Liechti-von Brasch D. [Cholesterin metabolism and arteriosclerosis]. Hippokrates. 1957;28(12):368-73. — PubMed PMID: 13448620
7. Liechti von Brasch D. [Correction of nutrition and habits in pregnancy; the complications of pregnancy]. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1963;105:1565-71. — PubMed PMID: 13930559
8. Koning MW. [Dr. Bircher-Benner’s diet]. Veg Bode. 1948;51(9):137-40. — PubMed PMID: 18099597
9. Leitzmann C. Vegetarian nutrition: past, present, future. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100 Suppl 1:496S-502S. — PubMed PMID: 24898226
10. Leuchtgens H, Albus T, Uhlemann C, Volger E, Pelka RB, Resch KL. [Effects of Kneippism, a standardized complex therapy, on pain, quality of life and use of medicines: cohort study with a one-year follow-up]. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999;6(4):206-11. — PubMed PMID: 10529580

PubMed Topic Searches

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bircher-Benner
2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liechti-von+Brasch
3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=history+of+sanatoria
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=naturopathy+history+Switzerland

Further Reading

• Eklöf M. Vegetarisk (rå)kost och det reformerade livet: Maximilian Bircher-Benner och de svenska hälsokoströrelserna [Vegetarian (raw) food and the reformed life: Maximilian Bircher-Benner and the Swedish health-food movements]. Lychnos. 2005. — tidskriftenlychnos.se
• Jagella-Danoth C. Bircher-Benner, Maximilian Oskar. Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz, 1999 (edited 2010). — hls-dhs-dss.ch
• Bircher-Benner MO. The Prevention of Disease by Correct Feeding. Address to the Food Education Society, University College London, 6 January 1933. London: Food Education Society; 1933. — archive.org
• Leybold-Johnson I. Sun, mountains and Bircher muesli. swissinfo.ch, 27 March 2010. — swissinfo.ch
• Leybold-Johnson I. Bircher muesli’s forgotten champion. swissinfo.ch, 10 November 2010. — swissinfo.ch
• Archiv für Medizingeschichte, Institut für Biomedizinische Ethik und Medizingeschichte, Universität Zürich. Holdings list (Bestände), February 2025. — ibme.uzh.ch
• Wolff E, editor. Lebendige Kraft: Max Bircher-Benner und sein Sanatorium im historischen Kontext. Baden: hier + jetzt; 2010. (Summarised in the German Wikipedia article — de.wikipedia.org.)

Back to Table of Contents

Connections

• Dr. Max Bircher-Benner and the Raw Food Cure
• Life and Career
• The Raw Apple Cure
• Sunlight Food Theory
• Raw Food (Rohkost) Therapy
• The Original Bircher Muesli
• Ordnungstherapie (Order Therapy)
• Books, Successors and Legacy
• Max Gerson
• Hydrotherapy
• Niels Finsen
• Tuberculosis: History
• Apples
• Nutrition and Orthomolecular Medicine

Back to Table of Contents

Featured Videos