Hemp Seeds - Beneficial Foods

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. History and Traditional Use
3. What Hemp Seed Is: Hearts, Whole Seed and Oil
4. Nutritional Profile
5. Protein and Digestibility
6. Omega-3, Omega-6 and GLA
7. Heart, Blood Lipids and Blood Pressure
8. Skin and Atopic Dermatitis
9. Exercise Trials and Laboratory Research
10. THC Residue, Drug Tests and Legal Limits
11. Buying, Storing and Preparing
12. Amounts Used in Studies
13. Who the Research Raises Cautions For
14. Connections
15. Key Research Papers
16. Featured Videos

Introduction

Hemp seeds are the small, round, grey-brown seeds of food and fibre varieties of Cannabis sativa. Shelled, they become the soft, cream-and-green kernels sold as "hemp hearts", which taste mildly of pine nut and sunflower seed. Weight for weight they carry about as much protein as lean meat, a fat profile dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids, and one of the highest magnesium contents of any common food.

Hemp seed also sits under a cloud of confusion, because it comes from the same plant species as marijuana. The two are different crops. "Hemp" is the name used for low-THC cultivars of Cannabis sativa; "marijuana" for cultivars bred for high levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the compound that produces the "high" (Salehi 2022). The seed itself is not where cannabinoids are made, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration states that hemp seeds do not naturally contain THC or CBD; the trace amounts found in hemp seed foods are picked up from other parts of the plant during harvest and processing (FDA). That surface residue is the reason hemp seed has a safety and drug-testing section on this page at all.

A second confusion follows from the first: hemp seed oil is not CBD oil. Hemp seed oil is pressed from the seed and is a culinary oil, like flaxseed or sunflower oil. CBD (cannabidiol) products are extracts of the flowers and leaves, where the plant's cannabinoids are concentrated (Cerino 2021). Research on one says nothing about the other, and this page is about the seed and the food made from it.

Finally, a caution about the evidence itself. A 2021 scoping review that collected hemp research from 2009 to 2019 found 65 primary studies, of which only 18 were clinical and 47 were preclinical (animal or laboratory), and concluded that the evidence for hemp-specific interventions is "still preliminary" (Lim 2021). Much of what is written about hempseed's health effects comes from rats, mice and cell cultures. Throughout this page, animal and laboratory work is labelled as such.

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History and Traditional Use

Cannabis is one of the oldest plants associated with people. A historical review places the earliest evidence of human contact with it around 12,000 years ago near the Altai Mountains of Central Asia, and notes that cannabis seeds then travelled with the migrations of nomadic peoples (Crocq 2020). Records of its medicinal use appear before the Common Era in China, Egypt and Greece, and later in the Roman writers Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides and Galen (Crocq 2020).

As food, the seed has the longest unbroken record in Asia: a food-science review notes that hemp seeds have been eaten in Asian communities since prehistoric times (Leonard 2020). In traditional Chinese medicine the seed (huo ma ren) is the main ingredient of a classic formula for constipation, MaZiRenWan, which has been tested in several randomised trials in modern times (Lim 2021; see below).

Hemp has also been one of humanity's great working crops. A plant-science review describes it as important "throughout human history for food, fiber, and medicine" (Schluttenhofer 2017), and today it is used for textiles, paper, biodegradable plastics, building materials, biofuel and animal feed as well as food (Cerino 2021). In recent decades Australia, Canada and the United States legalised the cultivation and consumption of hempseed at low THC levels, below 0.3% (Leonard 2020), and that legalisation is driving the growth of hemp seed food ingredients (Burton 2022).

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What Hemp Seed Is: Hearts, Whole Seed and Oil

Botanically the "seed" is a small nut-like fruit called an achene: a kernel inside a thin, hard, glossy shell (the hull). Hemp seed foods come in a handful of forms, and they differ more than the shared name suggests.

In December 2018 the FDA completed its evaluation of three "generally recognised as safe" (GRAS) notices covering hulled hemp seed, hemp seed protein powder and hemp seed oil, which allows these three ingredients to be marketed as foods in the United States (FDA). The FDA states that eating them "is not capable of making consumers 'high.'"

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Nutritional Profile

The figures below are for Seeds, hemp seed, hulled from the USDA FoodData Central database (FDC ID 170148). USDA lists a household portion of 3 tablespoons as 30 g, which is also the portion size used by most hemp heart packaging, so the table shows both 100 g and 30 g. Percentages are of the U.S. adult Daily Values used on food labels (FDA Daily Value table), rounded.

Energy and macronutrients

The fatty acids in detail

From these USDA figures the ratio of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid works out to roughly 3:1 (27.4 g to 8.7 g), or about 3.3:1 if GLA is counted with the omega-6 fats. A 2025 review gives the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of hempseed oil as 3:1 to 5:1 (Kaçar 2025). USDA lists the 18:4 fatty acid without a family label; reviews of hempseed identify it as stearidonic acid, an omega-3 (Kaçar 2025).

Minerals

Vitamins

Three points stand out. First, magnesium: 210 mg in three tablespoons is half the Daily Value, which puts hemp hearts with pumpkin seeds among the richest everyday food sources of the mineral. Second, manganese, at close to a full day's Daily Value per 30 g. Third, what is low: the USDA entry shows little fibre once the hull is removed, almost no calcium, and very little alpha-tocopherol. Hemp seed's vitamin E is mostly in other forms of tocopherol (Kaçar 2025), which the alpha-tocopherol figure does not capture. Vitamins A, C, D, K and B12 are essentially absent.

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Protein and Digestibility

At about 32 g of protein per 100 g of hulled seed, hemp hearts are among the most protein-dense plant foods that need no cooking. A 2025 review states that hempseed protein is "primarily composed of edestin (60–80%) and albumin, which are both highly digestible and bioavailable" (Kaçar 2025). Edestin is a storage protein of the globulin type, the main protein reserve of the seed.

The USDA amino-acid figures show all nine essential amino acids present. Two numbers are worth knowing:

• Arginine is unusually high at 4.55 g per 100 g (about 1.4 g per 30 g). Arginine is the raw material the body uses to make nitric oxide, a molecule that relaxes blood vessels, and it is one of the reasons hempseed protein features in blood-pressure research.
• Lysine, at 1.28 g per 100 g, is the essential amino acid present in the smallest proportion relative to need, as it is in most seeds and grains. Combining hemp with legumes, which are rich in lysine, is the classic way plant-based diets make up the shortfall.

Reviews describe hempseed protein as having good digestibility and low allergenicity, and as a candidate plant protein for food manufacturing; the main technical drawback is poor solubility, which food scientists are trying to improve with processing methods such as ultrasound and enzymes (Karabulut 2023; Leonard 2020). Much of the current research is about peptides: short protein fragments released during digestion or by enzymes, which in laboratory tests act as antioxidants, inhibit the blood-pressure enzyme ACE, or lower cholesterol in cell models (Aita 2024; Aguchem 2022; Lammi 2023). One review of these plant peptides notes that "only few of them have been tested in vivo" (Lammi 2023). In one mouse study, a hempseed protein hydrolysate given orally for 12 weeks reduced markers of brain inflammation in a drug-induced model of Alzheimer's disease (Torrecillas-Lopez 2025); that is a mouse result and has not been tested in people.

Deep dive: Hemp Seed Protein and Digestibility.

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Omega-3, Omega-6 and GLA

Hemp seed's fat is about three-quarters polyunsaturated, and it carries both essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3). Neither can be made by the body. What sets hemp apart from other seed oils is that it also contains two less common fatty acids that are normally made inside the body from LA and ALA: gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, omega-6) and stearidonic acid (SDA, omega-3). The 2025 review notes that these two "bypass the rate-limiting δ-6-desaturase enzyme" (Kaçar 2025), meaning they skip the slow first step the body uses to convert the parent fats into longer-chain ones.

Compared with its neighbours on the seed shelf: flaxseed and chia contain more omega-3 than omega-6; sunflower and pumpkin seeds are dominated by omega-6. Hemp sits in between, with roughly three parts omega-6 to one part omega-3.

Two human trials measured what happens to blood fatty acids:

• In a 20-week randomised, single-blind crossover study in people with atopic dermatitis, dietary hempseed oil compared with olive oil raised linoleic acid, ALA and GLA in all measured blood lipid fractions, with no significant rise in arachidonic acid, the omega-6 fat linked to inflammation (Callaway 2005).
• In 36 children and adolescents aged 6 to 16 with inherited high cholesterol, 3 g of hempseed oil a day for 8 weeks (providing 1.4 g LA and 0.7 g ALA) raised total omega-3 and omega-6 in red blood cell membranes and increased the omega-3 index by about 1.2 percentage points (Del Bo' 2019). The omega-3 index measures EPA and DHA as a share of red-cell fatty acids.

Plant omega-3 is ALA, not the long-chain EPA and DHA found in fish. The body converts only part of ALA into the longer forms, which is why plant seeds and oily fish are not interchangeable sources.

Deep dive: Hemp Seed Omega-3, Omega-6 and GLA.

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Heart, Blood Lipids and Blood Pressure

Hemp seed is often promoted for heart health, and the reasoning is plausible: it supplies ALA, arginine, magnesium, phytosterols and tocopherols. The human evidence specific to hemp is much thinner than the promotion suggests.

• Blood lipids in children. The 8-week pediatric trial above found that hempseed oil "failed to affect the serum lipid profile compared to the control group" despite changing red-cell fatty acids (Del Bo' 2019). This is a null result for cholesterol.
• Oils compared head to head. A 2018 network meta-analysis pooled 54 randomised trials comparing 13 fats and oils, hempseed oil among them, on blood lipids. Safflower and rapeseed oil ranked best for lowering LDL cholesterol. The abstract lists ten oils and fats that lowered LDL more than butter; hempseed oil is not among them, and the abstract reports no separate result for it (Schwingshackl 2018).
• Young sedentary men. In a double-blind trial of 48 men, 2 g of hemp seed a day (in capsules) for 8 weeks raised HDL cholesterol compared with the men's own baseline; differences between groups in total and LDL cholesterol were reported, but the clearest changes were in the group that also exercised (Mohammadrezaei 2022).
• Blood pressure. The 2025 review describes one randomised trial in adults with hypertension that compared hempseed protein and its hydrolysates with casein and reported effects on systolic and diastolic pressure (Kaçar 2025). Most other blood-pressure findings for hemp come from animal studies.

The same review sums up: preclinical studies suggest hempseed "can improve lipid profiles, reduce blood pressure, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, though clinical evidence remains limited and findings from animal models may not directly translate to human cardiovascular benefits" (Kaçar 2025). For the wider fatty-acid question, a review of ALA notes that it may lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and cites a 2009 European Food Safety Authority statement that dietary ALA may contribute to reducing cardiovascular risk (Bertoni 2023). That is evidence about ALA in general, not hemp in particular.

In a 2025 laboratory and mouse study, an extract of the fat-soluble, non-saponifiable fraction of hemp seed (phytosterols, tocopherols, carotenoids and a small amount of CBD) reduced fat accumulation in cultured fat cells and lowered weight gain and blood cholesterol in mice fed a high-fat diet (Kwon 2025). It is an extract tested in animals, not a food tested in people.

Deep dive: Hemp Seeds, Heart and Blood Pressure.

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Skin and Atopic Dermatitis

The best-known human trial of hempseed oil is about skin. In the 20-week Finnish crossover study, patients with atopic dermatitis (eczema) took dietary hempseed oil and olive oil in turn. After the hempseed oil period, patients reported less skin dryness and itchiness (p = 0.027) and used less skin medication (p = 0.024); water loss through the skin fell, but not to a statistically significant degree (p = 0.074) (Callaway 2005). The authors attributed the change to the supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including GLA, which the skin uses to build its water barrier.

The study was small, single-blind and has not been repeated at scale, so it shows that the question is worth asking rather than settling it. GLA has a longer, mixed research history from other oils (evening primrose, borage), which this trial did not test.

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Exercise Trials and Laboratory Research

Constipation: the traditional Chinese formula

The scoping review of hemp research found that several randomised controlled trials of hempseed pills in the traditional Chinese formulation MaZiRenWan reported improved spontaneous bowel movements in functional constipation (Lim 2021). MaZiRenWan is a multi-herb formula, so these trials test the formula, not hemp seed alone.

Exercise and hormones

A double-blind trial in 48 sedentary young men compared high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with and without 2 g of hemp seed powder a day for 8 weeks. Testosterone rose in both HIIT groups, with or without hemp seed; hemp seed alone did not change testosterone, and none of the groups showed changes in the antioxidant enzymes measured (Lame-Jouybari 2024). In plain terms, the exercise did the work. The earlier trial by the same group, using aerobic exercise, found that the combination of exercise and hemp seed changed weight, fat mass, HDL and the brain-signalling protein BDNF from baseline (Mohammadrezaei 2022).

Hull compounds and the gut

Two phenolic compounds found in hemp hull, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine and N-trans-feruloyltyramine, activate a liver and gut gene regulator called HNF-4α in laboratory work, and the hull's fibres have been described as novel prebiotics (van Klinken 2024). This is early, mostly non-human research.

The broad picture

Preclinical studies of hemp derivatives report antioxidant, blood-pressure-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antimicrobial activity in animals and cells (Lim 2021). These findings show what scientists are exploring; none of them is established in people.

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THC Residue, Drug Tests and Legal Limits

The seed kernel does not make cannabinoids. The plant's THC and CBD are produced in tiny resin glands concentrated on the flowers and, to a lesser extent, the leaves. During harvesting and threshing, resin from those parts can be smeared onto the outside of the seed, so whole seeds, and hulled seeds that are not cleaned well, can carry a surface residue (FDA). The amount depends on the variety, how the crop is harvested and how thoroughly the seed is washed and dehulled. The 2025 review reports that studies have found THC in some consumer-grade hemp seeds exceeding legal limits by up to 1,250% (Kaçar 2025), so residue is a real, measured issue rather than a theoretical one.

Legal limits

To put the EU limit in scale: 30 g of hemp seed at exactly 3.0 mg/kg would carry 0.09 mg (90 µg) of THC, which is within EFSA's acute reference dose for a person weighing 90 kg or more, and above it for a lighter person. Seed that meets the limit is a long way below an intoxicating amount, but seed that exceeds it, as some tested products have, closes that gap.

Drug tests

Standard urine drug screens look for a THC breakdown product and cannot tell whether the THC came from a legal food or from marijuana. For that reason the U.S. Department of Defense barred service members in 2020 from using hemp products, including hemp foods, citing the risk that hemp products could cause a positive THC urinalysis and the fact that product labels do not reliably state THC content (U.S. Navy ALNAV 069/20). People in other drug-tested jobs face the same underlying question; whether a given amount of a given product produces a positive result depends on its residue level, which varies by batch.

Residues in food animals

Hemp seed cake is also fed to livestock. In a study of 32 heifers fed 20% hempseed cake for 111 days, the cake contained on average 1.3 mg/kg of combined CBD/THC; neutral cannabinoids were not detected in blood or urine but were found in fat at low levels, and the authors judged that the chance of a person reaching the acute reference dose by eating that beef fat is "remote" (Smith 2023).

Deep dive: Hemp Seeds: THC Residue and Safety. For the regulatory side of CBD products, see FDA: CBD Needs a New Regulatory Pathway.

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Buying, Storing and Preparing

Forms. Hemp hearts are the common retail form; whole seeds are sold mainly for toasting, sprouting and bird feed; hemp seed oil is sold in dark bottles; hemp protein powder is the de-oiled cake. Food-grade products in the EU and US are made to the THC limits above. Residue levels differ between batches and are not visible on the seed.

Rancidity. With 38 g of polyunsaturated fat per 100 g, hemp seed is among the more fragile foods in the pantry. Polyunsaturated fats react with oxygen, a process sped up by heat and light, and the products of that reaction give rancid oil its paint-like or fishy smell. Hulling removes the seed's natural protective shell, so hearts and oil oxidise faster than whole seed. Cold, dark, airtight conditions slow these reactions, which is why hemp seed oil is sold in dark bottles and hemp hearts in sealed bags. A bitter or paint-like smell is the usual sign that oxidation has gone far.

Heat. The same fragility is why hemp seed oil is typically used unheated, in dressings, dips and drizzled over finished food, rather than for frying. Hemp hearts are usually eaten raw: stirred into oats or yogurt, blended into smoothies, sprinkled over salads, or blended with water into hemp milk.

The difference from CBD products, again. A bottle labelled "hemp seed oil" and a bottle labelled "hemp extract" or "CBD oil" are different products made from different parts of the plant. Some products blend the two; the ingredient list, not the word "hemp", tells them apart.

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Amounts Used in Studies

The amounts tested in human trials are small compared with a typical food serving. These are reported amounts from studies, not intake advice.

For scale: 3 tablespoons of hemp hearts is 30 g, roughly fifteen times the 2 g used in the two Iranian trials. Typical food use and trial doses are therefore not the same thing, and there are no long-term human trials of hemp seeds eaten as a food in everyday amounts (Kaçar 2025).

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Who the Research Raises Cautions For

• People subject to drug testing. Surface THC residue varies by batch, standard urine screens cannot distinguish its source, and the U.S. military bars hemp foods for this reason (see THC Residue).
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding. A 2022 review reports that THC can cross the placenta and has been detected in breast milk, and that cannabis use in pregnancy has been associated with small-for-gestational-age infants, preterm birth and effects on child development (Lo 2022). That research concerns cannabis use, not hemp seed food, but it is the reason residue levels matter more for this group. There is no specific safety research on hemp seed food in pregnancy.
• Children. EFSA's acute reference dose is set per kilogram of body weight, so the same residue level is a larger dose for a small child than for an adult.
• Allergy. Reviews describe hempseed protein as having low allergenicity (Karabulut 2023), but low is not none. A 2024 laboratory analysis of hempseed protein isolates identified proteins of types known to act as allergens, and the amounts varied with the extraction method (Dong 2024). People with known allergies to cannabis plant material, or to other seeds, are the group in whom questions about cross-reaction arise; allergy testing is a clinician's call.
• Calorie density. At 166 kcal per 3 tablespoons, hemp hearts are an energy-dense food, a relevant fact for anyone tracking intake.
• CBD is a separate question. CBD supplements have their own drug-interaction research, which does not apply to properly cleaned hemp seed food and is not covered here.

Decisions about diet in pregnancy, allergy, medication and drug-tested employment belong with a clinician or the relevant employer's policy.

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Connections

• Seeds — the full seed collection
• Hemp Seed Benefits — the deep-dive hub
• Protein and Digestibility
• Omega-3, Omega-6 and GLA
• Heart and Blood Pressure
• THC Residue and Safety
• Flaxseed — the omega-3-dominant seed
• Chia Seeds — omega-3 and fibre
• Pumpkin Seeds — the other magnesium-rich seed
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids
• Omega-3 Index — the blood test used in the pediatric trial
• Lipid Panel
• Magnesium — half a day's Daily Value per 3 tablespoons
• Manganese
• Arginine — the nitric oxide precursor
• Eczema — the condition in the hempseed oil trial
• Food Allergy
• FDA on CBD — the separate CBD question

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Key Research Papers

1. Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, et al. Hempseed in food industry: Nutritional value, health benefits, and industrial applications. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. 2020;19(1):282-308. PubMed PMID: 33319519
2. Kaçar ÖF, Kose T, Kaya Kaçar H. Dietary hempseed and cardiovascular health: nutritional composition, mechanisms and comparison with other seeds. Frontiers in nutrition. 2025;12:1669375. PubMed PMID: 41132555
3. Lim XY, Tan TYC, Muhd Rosli SH, et al. Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa's pharmacological properties and health effects: A scoping review of current evidence. PloS one. 2021;16(1):e0245471. PubMed PMID: 33465140
4. Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, et al. Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. The Journal of dermatological treatment. 2005;16(2):87-94. PubMed PMID: 16019622
5. Del Bo' C, Deon V, Abello F, et al. Eight-week hempseed oil intervention improves the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and the omega-3 index, but does not affect the lipid profile in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2019;119:469-476. PubMed PMID: 30884679
6. Schwingshackl L, Bogensberger B, Benčič A, et al. Effects of oils and solid fats on blood lipids: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of lipid research. 2018;59(9):1771-1782. PubMed PMID: 30006369
7. Mohammadrezaei A, Kavakeb A, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M, et al. Effects of hemp seed alone and combined with aerobic exercise on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors in young sedentary men. Journal of food biochemistry. 2022;46(12):e14417. PubMed PMID: 36114824
8. Lame-Jouybari AH, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M. Effects of eight-week regular high-intensity interval training and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed on total testosterone level among sedentary young males: double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Endocrine. 2024;84(1):273-286. PubMed PMID: 38085421
9. Karabulut G, Kahraman O, Pandalaneni K, et al. A comprehensive review on hempseed protein: Production, functional and nutritional properties, novel modification methods, applications, and limitations. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2023;253(Pt 7):127240. PubMed PMID: 37806421
10. Aita SE, Montone CM, Taglioni E, et al. Hempseed protein-derived short- and medium-chain peptides and their multifunctional properties. Advances in food and nutrition research. 2024;110:275-325. PubMed PMID: 38906589
11. Aguchem RN, Okagu IU, Okagu OD, et al. A review on the techno-functional, biological, and health-promoting properties of hempseed-derived proteins and peptides. Journal of food biochemistry. 2022;46(7):e14127. PubMed PMID: 35312074
12. Lammi C. Plant bioactive peptides for cardiovascular disease prevention. Advances in food and nutrition research. 2023;106:219-239. PubMed PMID: 37722773
13. Torrecillas-Lopez M, Claro-Cala CM, Gonzalez-de la Rosa T, et al. Neuroavailable peptides from hempseed protein hydrolysates reduce hippocampal inflammation and glial activation in a scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 2025;191:118438. (Mouse study.) PubMed PMID: 40916308
14. Kwon Y, Kim U, Han SB, et al. Anti-obesity effect of unsaponifiable matter from hemp seed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Food & function. 2025;16(21):8418-8430. (Cell and mouse study.) PubMed PMID: 41047880
15. Bertoni C, Abodi M, D'Oria V, et al. Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Cardiovascular Events: A Narrative Review. International journal of molecular sciences. 2023;24(18):14319. PubMed PMID: 37762621
16. Salehi A, Puchalski K, Shokoohinia Y, et al. Differentiating Cannabis Products: Drugs, Food, and Supplements. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2022;13:906038. PubMed PMID: 35833025
17. Cerino P, Buonerba C, Cannazza G, et al. A Review of Hemp as Food and Nutritional Supplement. Cannabis and cannabinoid research. 2021;6(1):19-27. PubMed PMID: 33614949
18. Burton RA, Andres M, Cole M, et al. Industrial hemp seed: from the field to value-added food ingredients. Journal of cannabis research. 2022;4(1):45. PubMed PMID: 35906681
19. van Klinken BJ, Stewart ML, Kalgaonkar S, et al. Health-Promoting Opportunities of Hemp Hull: The Potential of Bioactive Compounds. Journal of dietary supplements. 2024;21(4):543-557. PubMed PMID: 38303514
20. Smith DJ, Serum EM, Winders TM, et al. Excretion and residue depletion of cannabinoids in beef cattle fed hempseed cake for 111 days. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment. 2023;40(4):552-565. PubMed PMID: 36897320
21. Dong X, Rawiwan P, Middleditch M, et al. Effects of protein variations by different extraction and dehydration approaches on hempseed protein isolate: Protein pattern, amino acid profiling and label-free proteomics. Food chemistry. 2024;460(Pt 1):140426. PubMed PMID: 39047496
22. Crocq MA. History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2020;22(3):223-228. PubMed PMID: 33162765
23. Schluttenhofer C, Yuan L. Challenges towards Revitalizing Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop. Trends in plant science. 2017;22(11):917-929. PubMed PMID: 28886910
24. Lo JO, Hedges JC, Girardi G. Impact of cannabinoids on pregnancy, reproductive health, and offspring outcomes. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2022;227(4):571-581. PubMed PMID: 35662548

PubMed Topic Searches

1. Hempseed randomized controlled trials
2. Hempseed protein digestibility
3. Hempseed oil fatty acids and GLA
4. THC in hemp seed foods
5. Hemp seed foods and urine drug tests
6. Hempseed allergy

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