Praziquantel and Albendazole for Tapeworm Treatment

  1. Praziquantel — Mechanism of Action
  2. Praziquantel Doses Reported by Species
  3. Niclosamide as Alternative
  4. Albendazole — Mechanism of Action
  5. Albendazole for Echinococcus
  6. Fish Tapeworm Treatment and Vitamin B12
  7. Nitazoxanide for Hymenolepis
  8. Monitoring Treatment Success
  9. Drug Interactions and Safety
  10. Key Research Papers
  11. PubMed Searches
  12. Connections

Praziquantel — Mechanism of Action

Praziquantel is an antiparasitic drug used against tapeworm (cestode) and fluke (trematode) infections. Its current United States prescribing label lists schistosomiasis and the liver-fluke infections clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis as its indications, in patients aged 1 year and older; tapeworm infections are not among the labeled indications, and the CDC's fish-tapeworm page notes that neither praziquantel nor niclosamide is FDA-approved for that infection.

A mechanism still being worked out: A 2018 review by Thomas and Timson stated that the molecular mechanism of action of praziquantel remained unknown, and proposed that the drug may act on several targets at once, including some host proteins. A 2020 review by Harder describes the cascade in schistosomes after a calcium-permeable ion channel, TRPMPZQ, was identified as a praziquantel target: calcium influx, disturbed calcium balance, calcium-dependent spastic paralysis and disruption of the worm's outer surface (tegument), visible as blebs, vacuoles and balloon-like surface exudates in many praziquantel-sensitive flukes and tapeworms after treatment. Because related channels are present in the tapeworms Taenia solium, Echinococcus multilocularis and Hymenolepis microstoma, the review suggests a similar cascade operates generally in praziquantel-sensitive parasites.

Absorption and speed: According to the US label, about 80% of an oral dose is absorbed, peak serum concentrations are reached 1 to 3 hours after dosing, and the serum elimination half-life is 0.8 to 1.5 hours. The drug is rapidly metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system and undergoes a first-pass effect. The label directs that tablets be taken with water during meals and not chewed, because the bitter taste may cause gagging or vomiting.

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Praziquantel Doses Reported by Species

The doses below are those stated by the CDC's clinical-care pages, the review literature and the 2017 IDSA/ASTMH neurocysticercosis guideline. They differ by species and by whether the infection is the adult worm in the intestine or the larval stage in tissue. Decisions about treatment belong with a clinician.

Taenia saginata and Taenia solium — intestinal tapeworm (taeniasis): The CDC's taeniasis clinical-care page describes praziquantel as the medication most often used, at 5–10 mg/kg orally once for adults and for children. It lists niclosamide (2 g once for adults, 50 mg/kg once for children) and albendazole (400 mg daily for three days) as other options, and states that both praziquantel and albendazole are used cautiously in patients suspected to have cysticercosis, citing case reports of seizures that may have been temporally associated with treatment.

Diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm): The CDC's diphyllobothriasis page lists praziquantel 5–10 mg/kg orally as a single dose for adults and children, taken with liquids during a meal. A 2009 review by Scholz and colleagues reports that a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg is highly effective against human D. latum infections, and that a lower dose of 10 mg/kg was effective against human D. pacificum infections but showed a poor effect against D. latum in experimentally infected golden hamsters (an animal study). The same review gives the adult worms' length as 2 to 15 m, with a maximum of up to 25 m reported.

Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm): The CDC's hymenolepiasis page calls praziquantel the treatment of choice, at 25 mg/kg in a single dose for adults and children, with niclosamide and nitazoxanide as alternatives.

Neurocysticercosis — viable parenchymal cysts: The 2017 IDSA/ASTMH guideline (White and colleagues, 2018) recommends albendazole (15 mg/kg/day) combined with praziquantel (50 mg/kg/day) for 10–14 days rather than albendazole alone for patients with more than 2 viable parenchymal cysts (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence), and albendazole alone for 1–2 viable cysts. It notes that in open-label studies praziquantel was generally used at 50 mg/kg/day in 3 daily doses for 14 days, and that a single report and expert opinion support higher doses (for example 100 mg/kg/day). In the randomized trial by Garcia and colleagues (2014), complete cyst resolution at 6 months occurred in 64% of patients given the combination versus 37% given standard albendazole. Regimens by cyst stage and location are set out on the neurocysticercosis treatment page.

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Niclosamide as Alternative

Niclosamide is an older tapeworm drug that acts in the intestine. A 2024 report from a Taenia solium elimination program in Peru (Wardle and colleagues) describes it as not absorbed from the intestinal tract and cites an efficacy of 84.3% against taeniasis.

Doses reported: For taeniasis the CDC lists 2 g orally once for adults and 50 mg/kg once for children; the Scholz review gives 2 g as a single oral dose for adults and older children and 50 mg/kg for children under 6 years. The CDC's fish-tapeworm page describes the tablets as chewed thoroughly, or crushed, and swallowed with a small amount of water. For dwarf tapeworm the CDC lists a 7-day course: 2 g daily for adults; for children 11–34 kg, 1 g on day one and then 500 mg per day for 6 days; for children over 34 kg, 1 g on day one and then 1 g per day for 6 days.

Mechanism: A 2025 review of niclosamide's pharmacology (Laila and colleagues), written mainly about its anticancer research, describes it as a potent mitochondrial uncoupler.

Safety and effectiveness in mass treatment: In the Peruvian program, three rounds of niclosamide at 4-month intervals were offered to 77,397 residents and 68,751 received at least one dose. Of those visited afterwards, 1.5% reported at least one adverse event; 99.2% of these were mild and no severe events were recorded. Of 188 people with taeniasis who gave a follow-up stool sample 30 days after one dose, 141 were cured (treatment effectiveness 75.0%); older age and higher coproantigen levels were associated with treatment failure. The authors conclude that the single-dose effectiveness was lower than expected and that additional treatment may be necessary.

The cysticercosis question: The Scholz review notes that side effects of niclosamide are infrequent because it is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and that praziquantel may rarely trigger seizures in people with silent cerebral cysticercosis. The CDC states that praziquantel and albendazole are both used cautiously in patients suspected to have cysticercosis.

Availability: The CDC states that niclosamide is not available for human use in the United States. The Scholz review describes it as hardly available in most countries.

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Albendazole — Mechanism of Action

Albendazole is a benzimidazole antihelminthic. Its US label lists two indications: parenchymal neurocysticercosis due to active lesions of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, and cystic hydatid disease of the liver, lung and peritoneum caused by the larval dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus.

Tubulin as the target: A 1990 review by Lacey describes the structural protein tubulin as the target of the benzimidazoles, and examines why they can selectively kill helminths while showing little or no mammalian toxicity. A 1992 laboratory study by Russell and colleagues found that benzimidazole binding to mammalian brain tubulin depends on temperature, unlike the binding seen with tubulin from parasitic nematodes, where optimum binding occurs at 37 °C and forms a pseudo-irreversible complex.

Absorption and distribution: According to the US label, albendazole is poorly absorbed from the gut because of its low aqueous solubility and is rapidly converted to albendazole sulfoxide, to which its systemic activity is attributed. A fatty meal (about 40 g of fat) gave plasma sulfoxide concentrations up to 5-fold higher on average than the fasted state. The sulfoxide is widely distributed and has been detected in bile, liver, cyst wall, cyst fluid and cerebrospinal fluid; plasma concentrations were 3- to 10-fold higher than those in cyst fluid and 2- to 4-fold higher than those in cerebrospinal fluid. Its terminal half-life ranged from 8 to 12 hours. The 2017 IDSA/ASTMH guideline likewise states that albendazole is generally poorly absorbed and that absorption improves when it is taken with food, especially fatty meals.

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Albendazole for Echinococcus

The 2010 expert consensus of the WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (Brunetti and colleagues) describes an image-based, stage-specific approach to cystic echinococcosis, choosing among percutaneous treatment, surgery, anti-infective drug treatment, or watch and wait. For alveolar echinococcosis it describes radical surgery followed by albendazole prophylaxis as a key element, notes that most patients are diagnosed when radical surgery is no longer possible, and calls continuous albendazole the backbone of treatment.

Doses on the US label: For hydatid disease the label gives 400 mg twice daily with meals for patients weighing 60 kg or more, and 15 mg/kg/day in two divided doses with meals for patients under 60 kg, with a maximum total daily dose of 800 mg. Treatment is a 28-day cycle followed by a 14-day albendazole-free interval, for a total of 3 cycles. (The 800 mg/day maximum is the label's figure and is also given by the CDC for echinococcosis; for neurocysticercosis the 2017 IDSA/ASTMH guideline instead recommends a maximum of 1200 mg/day, noting limited safety data above that dose.)

What the CDC describes: The CDC's echinococcosis clinical-care page lists albendazole 10–15 mg/kg per day (maximum 800 mg, in two doses) for 1–6 months for cystic echinococcosis, and reports that about one third of patients treated with benzimidazole drugs have been cured, with significant regression of cyst size in 30–50%. It states that albendazole can be given before surgery to inactivate protoscolices and reduce cyst turgidity. For alveolar echinococcosis it describes benzimidazoles given continuously for at least two years, with patient monitoring for 10 years or more because recurrence is possible; states that intermittent albendazole is not recommended there; and reports that treatment has inhibited progression and reduced lesion size in about half of treated cases.

Toxicity reported: The US label reports fatalities from bone marrow suppression (granulocytopenia or pancytopenia) and directs that blood counts and liver enzymes be checked at the start of each 28-day cycle and at least every 2 weeks during treatment, with albendazole stopped if clinically significant changes occur; patients with liver disease or hepatic echinococcosis are described as at increased risk of bone marrow suppression. In the label's hydatid disease trials, elevated hepatic enzymes occurred in 16% of patients, and discontinuations were due mainly to leukopenia (0.7%) or hepatic abnormalities (3.8%). The 2017 guideline summarizes chronic therapy, mainly for echinococcosis, similarly: elevated liver enzymes in up to 16% with discontinuation in 3.8%, normalizing in almost all cases when the drug was stopped promptly; leukopenia in up to 10% with discontinuation in under 1%; and reversible alopecia in up to 10%. Pregnancy findings are in the safety section below.

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Fish Tapeworm Treatment and Vitamin B12

Diphyllobothrium latum (the broad fish tapeworm) is the tapeworm best known for draining its host's vitamin B12. The figures below come from the 2009 review by Scholz and colleagues.

Why B12 deficiency occurs: Prolonged or heavy D. latum infection may cause megaloblastic anemia through a parasite-mediated dissociation of the vitamin B12–intrinsic factor complex inside the gut, making B12 unavailable to the host. The review states that about 80% of B12 intake is absorbed by the worm. The worms may live up to 20 years or longer.

How often it matters: Many infections are asymptomatic; diarrhea, abdominal pain or discomfort occur in about one in five. About 40% of infected people may show low B12 levels, but only 2% or less develop clinical anemia, which is hyperchromic and macrocytic and may come with low platelet or white-cell counts. The deficiency may damage the nervous system, including peripheral neuropathy or degenerative lesions of the central nervous system. The review adds that tapeworm-associated pernicious anemia is rarely reported nowadays, and that anemia is rare or absent with the small D. pacificum.

After treatment: Praziquantel doses for fish tapeworm are listed above. The review states that after successful treatment, B12 levels return to normal over a period of several months. It does not set out a B12 replacement regimen; deficiency and its treatment are covered on the Vitamin B12 page.

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Nitazoxanide for Hymenolepis

Nitazoxanide is listed by the CDC as an alternative to praziquantel for Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm). Its US label covers a different use: diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium parvum, with the limitation that it has not been shown effective for C. parvum diarrhea in HIV-infected or immunodeficient patients.

Mechanism: A 2005 laboratory study (Esposito and colleagues) states that nitazoxanide has been postulated to act through reduction of its nitro group by nitroreductases, including pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase; its findings in Neospora caninum parasites grown in vitro indicate that other mechanisms may also be responsible for the drug's broad antiparasitic activity.

Doses reported for H. nana: The CDC lists 500 mg orally twice daily for 3 days for adults, 100 mg twice daily for 3 days for children aged 12–47 months, and 200 mg twice daily for 3 days for children aged 4–11 years. The US tablet label gives one 500 mg tablet every 12 hours with food for 3 days for patients 12 years and older; taking the tablets with food almost doubled exposure to the active metabolite.

Efficacy reported: In a 1984 study by Rossignol and Maisonneuve, a single 25 mg/kg dose was effective against Taenia saginata in 22 patients, while a single 50 mg/kg dose was required for H. nana in 18 patients. In an open field trial in a Peruvian village (Chero and colleagues, 2007), 20 people treated for H. nana were followed with stool examination a month later, and treatment efficacy was 75%.

Safety on the label: The most common adverse reactions (2% or more) were abdominal pain, headache, chromaturia and nausea. The active metabolite tizoxanide is more than 99.9% bound to plasma proteins, and the label calls for monitoring for adverse reactions when it is given with other highly protein-bound drugs with narrow therapeutic indices, such as warfarin.

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Monitoring Treatment Success

Follow-up after tapeworm treatment differs between intestinal infection and tissue (larval) infection.

Intestinal tapeworm: The CDC's taeniasis page states that stools are re-examined for Taenia eggs 1 and 3 months after treatment to be sure the infection is cleared. The 2017 IDSA/ASTMH guideline adds that stool examination for eggs is often negative in tapeworm carriers, even on multiple examinations, and that egg morphology cannot distinguish T. solium from other Taenia species; it describes antigen detection in stool and tapeworm-stage immunoblots as research techniques not commercially available. In the Peruvian niclosamide program, cure was assessed on a stool sample 30 days after treatment.

Tapeworm carriers and public health: The guideline describes tapeworm carriers as a public health risk, especially food handlers, with risks of transmission within the household; NCC or tapeworm carriage is reportable in many US states and regions, though not nationally.

Neurocysticercosis follow-up imaging: For viable parenchymal cysts the guideline suggests that MRI be repeated at least every 6 months until the cystic component resolves, and suggests retreatment for cystic lesions persisting 6 months after the end of the first course (weak, low). It notes that this frequency of follow-up scans rests largely on expert opinion.

Alveolar echinococcosis: The CDC describes patient monitoring for 10 years or more after treatment, because recurrence is possible.

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Drug Interactions and Safety

Both drugs have interactions and safety findings that matter most in neurocysticercosis, where corticosteroids and antiepileptic drugs are often given at the same time.

Praziquantel with corticosteroids and antiepileptic drugs: The 2017 IDSA/ASTMH guideline states that praziquantel undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism that is induced by drugs often given alongside it, such as antiepileptic drugs and corticosteroids, and that cimetidine inhibits this metabolism and raises praziquantel levels, though no controlled clinical data show the clinical impact. It reports that phenytoin and carbamazepine decrease blood levels (area under the curve) of praziquantel and, to a lesser extent, albendazole, that the clinical significance is unknown, and that giving a non-enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drug such as levetiracetam during antiparasitic treatment is one way around the interaction that has not been tested in a controlled trial.

Praziquantel interactions on the US label: The label lists use with strong CYP3A inducers such as rifampin as a contraindication, and states that moderate CYP3A inducers such as efavirenz are avoided unless the benefit outweighs the risk, because inducers lower praziquantel levels and may reduce its efficacy. CYP450 inhibitors (for example cimetidine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, erythromycin and ritonavir) may raise praziquantel levels, and grapefruit juice was reported to raise peak concentration 1.6-fold and exposure 1.9-fold. The label also lists ocular cysticercosis as a contraindication, because destruction of the parasite inside the eye may cause irreversible lesions.

Albendazole interactions on the US label: In 8 neurocysticercosis patients, trough concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide were about 56% higher when dexamethasone 8 mg was given with each dose. In healthy subjects in the fed state, praziquantel (40 mg/kg) raised peak concentration and exposure of albendazole sulfoxide by about 50%, while praziquantel's own pharmacokinetics were unchanged. Cimetidine about doubled albendazole sulfoxide concentrations in bile and cyst fluid in hydatid cyst patients.

Praziquantel in pregnancy and breastfeeding: The US label states that published studies have not identified an association between praziquantel use in pregnancy and major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes; in two randomized trials in pregnant women with schistosomiasis (one with 186 women given praziquantel and 184 given placebo, the other with 2,507 women in Uganda) it had no effect on birth weight, and there were no differences in miscarriage, fetal death or major birth defects in the first, or in perinatal mortality or major birth defects in the second. The 2017 guideline describes praziquantel as a category B agent with limited data suggesting it is safe in pregnancy, but suggests that antiparasitic treatment of neurocysticercosis be deferred until after pregnancy (weak, low). The label states that praziquantel is present in human milk at low concentrations, with no information on effects in the breastfed infant; the CDC's hymenolepiasis page states that WHO encourages its use during lactation.

Praziquantel in children: The US label states that safety and dosing have been established in patients aged 1 to 17 years but not in children younger than 1 year. The CDC's hymenolepiasis page states that safety in children under 4 years has not been established, while noting that WHO recommends treating children 2 years and older in mass campaigns.

Albendazole in pregnancy: The US label states that albendazole may cause fetal harm and is not used in pregnant women except where no alternative management is appropriate; it was teratogenic (embryotoxicity and skeletal malformations) in pregnant rats and rabbits. The label calls for a pregnancy test before treatment in women of reproductive potential and effective birth control during treatment and for one month afterwards. The 2017 guideline adds that limited data are emerging that albendazole treatment of pregnant women for intestinal helminths improves birth outcomes without evidence of increased birth defects. The CDC's hymenolepiasis page lists praziquantel, niclosamide and nitazoxanide as pregnancy category B drugs, with limited pregnancy data for niclosamide and nitazoxanide.

Treatment-induced inflammation in neurocysticercosis: The 2017 guideline states that antiparasitic drugs can worsen the symptoms of NCC by inducing an inflammatory response around dying cysts, that most side effects of albendazole and praziquantel in NCC (headaches, dizziness, seizures) come from this, and that there is a transient increase in seizures after therapy. It recommends corticosteroids begun before antiparasitic drugs in all patients receiving antiparasitic therapy (strong, moderate) and a funduscopic eye examination in all patients with NCC before antiparasitic therapy (strong, moderate). It also reports that more than 10% of people treated with praziquantel have gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain. The albendazole label likewise warns of cerebral hypertensive episodes, seizures or focal neurologic deficits after treatment begins in neurocysticercosis, and of retinal damage when retinal cysticercosis is present.

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Key Research Papers

  1. Garcia HH, Gonzales I, Lescano AG, Bustos JA, Zimic M, Escalante D, et al. Efficacy of combined antiparasitic therapy with praziquantel and albendazole for neurocysticercosis: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):687-695. [PubMed PMID: 24999157]. — Search PubMed (editorial note: earlier listed as “Combination antiparasitic therapy for neurocysticercosis”, N Engl J Med, with no record; the combination trial is this Lancet Infectious Diseases paper; corrected 2026-10-14)
  2. Garcia HH, Nash TE, Del Brutto OH. Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(12):1202-1215. [PubMed PMID: 25453460]. — Search PubMed (editorial note: earlier listed as “Garcia HH et al. Neurocysticercosis. Lancet” with a PMID that belongs to an unrelated paper; corrected 2026-10-14)
  3. Rajshekhar V. Rate of spontaneous resolution of a solitary cysticercus granuloma in patients with seizures. Neurology. 2001;57(12):2315-2317. [PubMed PMID: 11756620]. — Search PubMed (editorial note: earlier listed as “Rajshekhar V et al. Solitary cysticercus granuloma. Neurology” with a PMID belonging to a different 2023 paper by other authors; corrected 2026-10-14)
  4. Del Brutto OH, Nash TE, White AC Jr, Rajshekhar V, et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:202-210. [PubMed PMID: 28017213]. — Search PubMed
  5. Fleury A, Gomez T, Alvarez I, Meza D, Huerta M, Chavarria A, et al. High prevalence of calcified silent neurocysticercosis in a rural village of Mexico. Neuroepidemiology. 2003;22(2):139-145. [PubMed PMID: 12629280]. — Search PubMed
  6. García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Taenia solium cysticercosis. Lancet. 2003;362(9383):547-556. [PubMed PMID: 12932389]. — Search PubMed
  7. Nash TE, Singh G, White AC, Rajshekhar V, et al. Treatment of neurocysticercosis: current status and future research needs. Neurology. 2006;67(7):1120-1127. [PubMed PMID: 17030744]. — Search PubMed
  8. White AC Jr, Coyle CM, Rajshekhar V, Singh G, Hauser WA, Mohanty A, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurocysticercosis: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) [executive summary]. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(8):1159-1163. [PubMed PMID: 29617787]. — Search PubMed
  9. Garcia HH, Pretell EJ, Gilman RH, Martinez SM, Moulton LH, Del Brutto OH, et al. A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(3):249-258. [PubMed PMID: 14724304]. — Search PubMed
  10. Carpio A et al. Neurocysticercosis: new knowledge, new doubts. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. [Search PubMed]. — Search PubMed (editorial note: no record matching this title was found in PubMed or Crossref on 2026-10-14)
  11. White AC Jr, Coyle CM, Rajshekhar V, Singh G, Hauser WA, Mohanty A, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurocysticercosis: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) [full guideline]. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(8):e49-e75. PubMed PMID: 29481580
  12. Wardle MT, Allen SE, Gamboa R, Vilchez P, O'Neal SE, Muro C, et al. Mass chemotherapy with niclosamide for the control of Taenia solium: population-based safety profile and treatment effectiveness. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024;38:100876. PubMed PMID: 39280880
  13. Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA; Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop. 2010;114(1):1-16. PubMed PMID: 19931502
  14. Scholz T, Garcia HH, Kuchta R, Wicht B. Update on the human broad tapeworm (genus Diphyllobothrium), including clinical relevance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(1):146-160. PubMed PMID: 19136438
  15. Harder A. Activation of transient receptor potential channel Sm.(Schistosoma mansoni)TRPM(PZQ) by PZQ, enhanced Ca(++) influx, spastic paralysis, and tegumental disrupture—the deadly cascade in parasitic schistosomes, other trematodes, and cestodes. Parasitol Res. 2020;119(8):2371-2382. PubMed PMID: 32607709
  16. Thomas CM, Timson DJ. The Mechanism of Action of Praziquantel: Six Hypotheses. Curr Top Med Chem. 2018;18(18):1575-1584. PubMed PMID: 30370849
  17. Lacey E. Mode of action of benzimidazoles. Parasitol Today. 1990;6(4):112-115. PubMed PMID: 15463312
  18. Russell GJ, Gill JH, Lacey E. Binding of [3H]benzimidazole carbamates to mammalian brain tubulin and the mechanism of selective toxicity of the benzimidazole anthelmintics. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992;43(5):1095-1100. PubMed PMID: 1554382
  19. Laila UE, Zhao ZL, Xu DY, Liu H, Xu ZX. Pharmacological advances and therapeutic applications of niclosamide in cancer and other diseases. Eur J Med Chem. 2025;290:117527. PubMed PMID: 40153934
  20. Esposito M, Stettler R, Moores SL, Pidathala C, Müller N, Stachulski A, et al. In vitro efficacies of nitazoxanide and other thiazolides against Neospora caninum tachyzoites reveal antiparasitic activity independent of the nitro group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(9):3715-3723. PubMed PMID: 16127045
  21. Rossignol JF, Maisonneuve H. Nitazoxanide in the treatment of Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33(3):511-512. PubMed PMID: 6731683
  22. Chero JC, Saito M, Bustos JA, Blanco EM, Gonzalvez G, Garcia HH; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Hymenolepis nana infection: symptoms and response to nitazoxanide in field conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101(2):203-205. PubMed PMID: 16814334

PubMed Searches

  1. Praziquantel tapeworm cestode mechanism of action
  2. Albendazole neurocysticercosis combination therapy
  3. Albendazole echinococcus hydatid cyst treatment
  4. Diphyllobothrium fish tapeworm vitamin B12 deficiency
  5. Niclosamide Taenia solium intestinal tapeworm

Connections

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