Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)

Table of Contents

  1. Overview
  2. Epidemiology
  3. Types: CAM vs Pincer vs Mixed
  4. Pathophysiology and Cartilage/Labral Damage
  5. Clinical Presentation and Examination Tests
  6. Alpha Angle and Imaging (X-ray, MRI Arthrogram, CT)
  7. Conservative Treatment
  8. Hip Arthroscopy: Surgery and Techniques
  9. Rehabilitation and Return to Sport
  10. Prognosis and Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty
  11. References & Research
  12. Research Papers
  13. Connections
  14. Featured Videos

1. Overview

If you are a young, active person — a dancer, a soccer player, a martial artist, or someone who spends long hours at a desk — and you have been living with a deep, nagging ache in your groin that gets worse when you sit for too long or squat down, there is a condition that might explain everything you have been experiencing: femoroacetabular impingement, almost always referred to simply as FAI.

FAI occurs when there is abnormal contact between the femoral head-neck junction and the rim of the acetabulum — the socket of the hip joint — during normal hip movement. Think of the hip joint as a ball-and-socket: the "ball" is the rounded head of the femur (thigh bone), and the "socket" is the acetabulum, a cup-shaped hollow in the pelvis. In a normal hip, the ball moves smoothly inside the socket through a full range of motion without any friction or catching. In FAI, either the ball has an abnormal bump on its surface, the socket is too deep or tilted, or both. The result is that when you flex your hip — especially combined with turning the leg inward — the bony abnormality catches on the edge of the socket. Over months and years, this repeated pinching damages the labrum (the ring of fibrocartilage that deepens and seals the socket) and the articular cartilage lining the joint.

The hallmark symptom is deep groin pain. Patients with FAI often describe reaching around their hip and gripping the outer thigh and groin simultaneously — a gesture so characteristic that clinicians call it the "C-sign": the hand forms a C-shape cupped around the front and side of the hip. The pain tends to be activity-related, worsening with prolonged sitting, getting up from a low chair, squatting, pivoting, and any sport that demands deep hip flexion and rotation.

FAI is not rare. Bony morphology consistent with FAI is present in 20–40% of the general population, though most people with these bony shapes never develop symptoms. The condition becomes clinically significant when the anatomy combines with repetitive high-demand activity to cause actual tissue damage. Left untreated in symptomatic patients, FAI is associated with progressive labral tearing, cartilage loss, and eventual hip osteoarthritis.

The good news is that FAI is now well understood, reliably diagnosed with modern imaging, and effectively treated — both with conservative rehabilitation and, when needed, with minimally invasive hip arthroscopy. Understanding what is happening in your hip, and what the evidence says about your options, is the first step toward getting better.

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2. Epidemiology

Knowing who gets FAI helps put your own situation in context and explains why certain populations are at particularly high risk.

Prevalence of the bony morphology: Studies using X-ray and MRI imaging of asymptomatic adults consistently find that cam-type morphology (the bony bump on the femoral head-neck junction) is present in approximately 20–25% of the general population, though estimates range from 14% to as high as 37% depending on how the measurement threshold is defined. Pincer-type morphology (over-coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum) is found in approximately 40% of the general population, more commonly in women. The critical insight is that the vast majority of people with these bony shapes are completely asymptomatic. Having the morphology does not mean you will develop FAI syndrome.

Who develops symptoms: Symptomatic FAI is disproportionately a condition of young, physically active adults between the ages of 20 and 40. The condition is strongly associated with high-demand sports that require repetitive deep hip flexion and internal rotation. Sports with the highest prevalence of symptomatic FAI include:

Sex differences: CAM-type FAI is more common in males, occurring roughly twice as often as in females. Some researchers believe this reflects the male pattern of bone growth during adolescence — the cam lesion may develop during a critical window of skeletal development (ages 12–16) when repetitive high-load sport leads to abnormal ossification at the femoral head-neck junction. Pincer-type morphology, by contrast, is more commonly found in females, possibly related to differences in acetabular orientation and pelvic anatomy. Mixed morphology — elements of both — is the most common presentation in clinical practice regardless of sex.

Athlete development and cam lesions: There is compelling evidence that cam morphology can be an acquired, activity-related deformity. Studies of youth athletes in ice hockey and soccer have shown that the cam lesion is not present at baseline in young teens but develops with years of high-load training during the period of open growth plates. This has important implications for youth sports: excessive repetitive loading during adolescence may be a contributing cause of FAI morphology that manifests symptomatically years later.

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3. Types: CAM vs Pincer vs Mixed

FAI is categorized into three types based on where the abnormal contact originates. Understanding which type (or combination) you have matters because it guides both the interpretation of your imaging and the specifics of any surgical correction needed.

CAM Impingement

In CAM impingement, the problem is with the femoral head-neck junction. Instead of the smooth, waisted concavity that should exist where the spherical head transitions into the cylindrical neck of the femur, a bony prominence or "cam lesion" protrudes from the anterosuperior aspect of the femoral head-neck junction. This bump is typically described as a loss of the normal "head-neck offset."

Imagine trying to rotate a key in a lock, but someone has filed a burr onto the side of the key. As the hip flexes and internally rotates — as happens in a deep squat, a kick, or leaning forward while seated — this cam bump engages the edge of the acetabular rim. The result is not a direct crushing of the labrum (as in pincer impingement) but a shearing force on the articular cartilage of the acetabulum. The cam lesion essentially levers against the anterosuperior acetabular cartilage, progressively delaminating it from the underlying bone in a process that begins at the cartilage-labrum junction and spreads inward. Clinicians describe this pattern as "inside-out" cartilage damage.

The key measurement for cam morphology is the alpha angle: a geometric measure of the shape of the femoral head-neck junction on imaging. A normal alpha angle is below 50–55 degrees; values above 55–60 degrees are considered cam morphology, and higher values (70–80 degrees or more) represent more severe deformity.

Pincer Impingement

In pincer impingement, the problem is with the acetabulum: the socket provides too much coverage of the femoral head, either because the rim extends too far anteriorly (acetabular retroversion), the socket is unusually deep (coxa profunda), or the femoral head has actually migrated into the pelvis (protrusio acetabuli). The result is that the femoral neck — not the head — bumps into the edge of the rim during hip flexion.

The impact pattern in pincer impingement is different from CAM. The labrum gets crushed between the femoral neck and the acetabular rim with each flexion movement, leading to labral degeneration, calcification, and eventual ossification (bone forming within the labrum). The articular cartilage of the anterosuperior acetabulum is relatively spared in early pincer impingement, but as the joint compensates, a counter-coup injury can develop on the posterior inferior acetabular cartilage, as the femoral head levers against the opposite side of the socket. Pincer impingement tends to progress more slowly and presents at an older age than cam impingement.

A key radiographic sign of acetabular retroversion is the crossover sign on a standard AP pelvis X-ray: the anterior acetabular wall projects lateral to the posterior wall at some point, meaning the anterior rim "crosses over" the posterior rim, indicating that the opening of the socket faces posteriorly rather than anterolaterally as it should.

Mixed Impingement

In clinical practice, mixed impingement — elements of both CAM and pincer — is the most common presentation. Most patients who come to a hip specialist with symptomatic FAI have some degree of cam morphology combined with relative acetabular over-coverage. This matters surgically: treating only one component while leaving the other unaddressed can lead to incomplete symptom relief or recurrence. A thorough preoperative assessment identifying the dominant pathology guides which corrections are most important at the time of surgery.

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4. Pathophysiology and Cartilage/Labral Damage

To understand what is actually being damaged in your hip — and why early treatment matters — it helps to know the normal anatomy and what goes wrong when impingement occurs repeatedly over time.

The Labrum: Your Hip's Sealing Ring

The acetabular labrum is a ring of fibrocartilage that runs around the entire rim of the acetabular socket, except at the inferior notch where a ligament passes through. It deepens the socket by approximately 22%, significantly increasing the hip's stability and resistance to distraction forces. Functionally, the labrum acts like a suction seal: it maintains negative intra-articular pressure within the joint, reducing the load on the articular cartilage and keeping the joint surfaces in close contact. When the labrum is torn or degenerated, this suction-seal effect is compromised, increasing cartilage contact pressures — which accelerates cartilage wear.

The labrum is also rich in nerve endings, particularly free nerve endings that transmit pain signals. This is why labral tears are often painful out of proportion to their apparent severity on imaging — the labrum is genuinely pain-sensitive tissue. Labral tears can produce clicking, catching, and a sharp stabbing pain with certain hip positions, in addition to the deeper background ache of impingement itself.

Labral Tear Patterns

Labral tears in FAI come in several forms:

Cartilage Damage Progression

The cartilage damage pattern depends on the impingement type. In cam FAI, the classic finding is a delamination injury of the anterosuperior acetabular cartilage: the cartilage separates from the underlying subchondral bone as a wave or flap, beginning at the cartilage-labrum junction and propagating centrally. This chondral delamination can be subtle on standard MRI and may require MRI arthrogram (with contrast) or direct arthroscopic visualization to fully appreciate.

Without treatment, repeated episodes of impingement continue to propagate cartilage damage. The natural history of untreated symptomatic FAI is progressive: labral damage leads to loss of the suction seal, increased cartilage contact pressures, progressive chondral wear, and eventual hip osteoarthritis. Studies of patients presenting for total hip replacement have found a high prevalence of radiographic features consistent with FAI, suggesting that untreated FAI in young adults is an important cause of premature hip OA. This is the core reason that early diagnosis and appropriate treatment — rather than simply tolerating the pain — matters for long-term hip health.

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5. Clinical Presentation and Examination Tests

The way FAI presents in clinical practice is remarkably consistent, and an experienced clinician can be highly suspicious of the diagnosis based on the history alone, before any imaging is performed.

Typical Symptoms

Key Physical Examination Tests

Several specific provocative tests help clinicians confirm the clinical suspicion of FAI and labral pathology:

A positive FADIR test in a young active patient with anterior groin pain and activity-related symptoms is highly suggestive of FAI, and this combination of history and examination findings warrants imaging to confirm the diagnosis and characterize the morphology.

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6. Alpha Angle and Imaging (X-ray, MRI Arthrogram, CT)

Imaging in FAI serves multiple purposes: confirming the diagnosis, characterizing the type and severity of the bony morphology, assessing the labrum and cartilage, and planning any surgical correction. A standardized imaging protocol is essential.

Plain X-Rays: The Starting Point

X-ray evaluation of FAI begins with two standard views:

The Alpha Angle: Key Measurement for CAM Morphology

The alpha angle is the most widely used measurement for quantifying cam deformity. It was originally described by Notzli in 2002 and has become the standard metric in FAI assessment.

Conceptually, the alpha angle measures how quickly the femoral head deviates from a perfect sphere at its anterior aspect. The examiner draws a circle that best fits the femoral head, then draws a line from the center of the femoral neck through the center of that circle (the femoral neck axis). A second line is drawn from the center of the circle to the point where the femoral head deviates outside the best-fit circle (the point of asphericity). The angle between these two lines is the alpha angle.

Normal alpha angle: less than 50–55 degrees. Values above 55–60 degrees are considered cam morphology. Values of 70–80 degrees or greater represent significant cam deformity. The alpha angle can be measured on X-ray (Dunn view), axial-oblique MRI sequences, or CT — values may differ slightly depending on modality and view.

MRI Arthrogram: Gold Standard for Labral Tears

While standard MRI can suggest a labral tear, the MRI arthrogram (MRa) — performed by injecting gadolinium contrast directly into the hip joint before the MRI scan — is the gold standard for evaluating labral integrity and cartilage damage in FAI. The contrast fills the joint space and seeps into any tears, making them highly conspicuous on MRI.

MRa at 1.5T or 3T field strength achieves sensitivity of approximately 70–90% and specificity of 85–95% for labral tears. It can identify:

Non-contrast 3T MRI with a dedicated hip protocol is increasingly used at high-volume hip centers as an alternative to arthrogram for initial assessment, as higher field strength and improved coil technology now provide good labral visualization without the discomfort and small procedural risk of intra-articular injection.

CT Scan: Surgical Planning for Complex Cases

CT scanning with 3D reconstruction provides the most accurate assessment of bony morphology and is particularly valuable for surgical planning in complex cases. Key applications include:

CT involves ionizing radiation and is not used as a first-line investigation but adds significant value when MRI findings are equivocal or surgery is being planned for a complex morphology.

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7. Conservative Treatment

Not everyone with FAI needs surgery. A substantial proportion of patients — particularly those with less severe bony morphology, earlier-stage labral pathology, and no significant cartilage damage — can achieve meaningful pain reduction and functional improvement with a structured conservative program. Current guidelines recommend a minimum 3–6 month trial of conservative treatment before surgical intervention is considered in most patients.

Activity Modification

Understanding which movements provoke your impingement is the first step. Common positions and activities that load the anterosuperior acetabular rim in FAI include deep hip flexion (squatting below 90 degrees of knee flexion, deadlifts with aggressive hip hinge), combined hip flexion with internal rotation (certain yoga poses, sitting cross-legged), prolonged sitting in low chairs, and aggressive pivoting in sport. Temporarily reducing or modifying these activities — rather than eliminating all exercise — is the goal. The aim is to reduce repetitive impingement loading while building the supporting musculature.

Anti-Inflammatory Medication

Oral NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen or naproxen) can reduce synovial inflammation and improve pain, particularly during flares. They are not a long-term solution and should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest necessary duration, particularly in patients with gastrointestinal or cardiovascular risk factors. They do not address the underlying bony morphology but can facilitate engagement with rehabilitation when pain is the primary barrier.

Physical Therapy

Structured physical therapy is the cornerstone of conservative FAI management. An effective program for FAI targets several interconnected deficits:

Intra-Articular Corticosteroid Injection

A fluoroscopy- or ultrasound-guided intra-articular cortisone injection into the hip joint serves a dual purpose: it is both diagnostic and therapeutic. If the injection produces significant temporary pain relief, this confirms that the pain is originating from the hip joint itself (rather than referred pain from the spine, or from extra-articular sources like the iliopsoas tendon or trochanteric bursa). Studies show that a good response to intra-articular injection predicts surgical success: patients who respond well to injection achieve good outcomes after arthroscopy approximately 70–80% of the time. Patients who do not respond should be reassessed carefully before proceeding to surgery, as their pain source may not be purely intra-articular FAI.

The corticosteroid effect is temporary — typically 4–12 weeks — but this window can be used to establish a physical therapy program more effectively while pain is reduced.

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8. Hip Arthroscopy: Surgery and Techniques

When conservative treatment has been genuinely pursued for 3–6 months and significant symptoms persist, or when imaging shows advanced labral or cartilage damage that is unlikely to respond to rehabilitation alone, hip arthroscopy is the standard surgical treatment for FAI. This is a minimally invasive procedure — the surgeon operates through small incisions using a camera (arthroscope) and specialized instruments — and it has largely replaced the open surgical approaches that were used for FAI in earlier decades.

The Procedure: What Happens in the Operating Room

Hip arthroscopy for FAI is performed under general or spinal anesthesia. The patient is positioned on a specialized traction table, as the hip is a deep joint that must be distracted (the ball pulled slightly away from the socket) to create space for the instruments to enter safely. Traction is applied to the leg before the instruments are introduced, and it is released during portions of the procedure that address the cam deformity on the femoral neck (the peripheral compartment work).

Three standard portals (entry points through the skin) are typically used:

The arthroscope and instruments are alternated between portals to provide visualization and access throughout the joint. Intraoperative fluoroscopy (real-time X-ray) is used continuously to verify the position of instruments and to confirm that the bony correction is achieving the intended result.

Femoroplasty (CAM Resection)

For cam impingement, the surgeon performs a femoroplasty: using a small motorized burr, the cam lesion on the femoral head-neck junction is carefully resected, reshaping it to restore the normal concave head-neck offset. The goal is to bring the alpha angle down to less than 50 degrees while preserving adequate bone stock — over-resection risks weakening the femoral neck and can lead to stress fracture. Intraoperative fluoroscopy is used to verify the correction, and the hip is taken through a range of motion dynamically to confirm that the impingement has been resolved.

Acetabuloplasty (Pincer Resection)

For pincer impingement, the surgeon performs an acetabuloplasty: trimming the overcovering acetabular rim to normalize the lateral center-edge angle and reduce rim contact. When acetabular retroversion is the underlying problem, the bony trim is directed at the area of relative over-coverage. The amount of resection must be carefully calibrated: insufficient resection leaves pincer contact; excessive resection can destabilize the hip by reducing coverage below the threshold for stability.

Labral Repair: Superior to Debridement

Addressing the torn labrum is a critical component of hip arthroscopy for FAI, and the evidence strongly supports labral repair over labral debridement (simply trimming away the torn tissue). The labrum performs the suction-seal function of the hip; removing it increases cartilage contact pressures and accelerates OA progression. Multiple studies have shown that patients who undergo labral repair have significantly better outcomes than those who undergo debridement, including greater pain relief, better functional scores, and lower rates of conversion to total hip replacement.

Labral repair uses suture anchors placed into the rim of the acetabulum. The torn labral tissue is mobilized, and sutures passed through the anchors are used to reattach the labrum to its native position on the acetabular rim. Typically, 2–4 suture anchors per centimeter of labral tear length are required to achieve a secure repair. In most cam FAI cases, the labral tear begins anterosuperiorly and may extend to a variable length.

Labral Reconstruction

In patients with severely degenerated, calcified, or completely absent labral tissue — typically revision cases, or patients with extensive labral damage from long-standing untreated FAI — labral repair is not possible because there is not enough healthy tissue to reattach. In these cases, labral reconstruction using a graft can restore labral function. Common graft options include:

Labral reconstruction is more technically demanding than primary repair and is performed at specialized hip preservation centers.

The FASHIoN Trial: Level-I Evidence for Surgery

A landmark step in establishing the evidence base for hip arthroscopy was the UK FASHIoN trial (Griffin et al., 2018, PMID 30385505), a multicenter randomized controlled trial that compared arthroscopic hip surgery to a physiotherapy-led management program for patients with symptomatic FAI. At 12-month follow-up, 53% of the surgery group achieved a significant improvement in their primary outcome score (iHOT-33) compared to 33% in the physiotherapy group. The surgery group also showed significantly greater improvements in secondary outcomes including pain and hip function scores. This trial, the first RCT of its kind at Level-I evidence quality, established that arthroscopic surgery for FAI provides superior symptom relief compared to physiotherapy-led care at one year, though it also highlighted that both groups improved and that careful patient selection remains essential.

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9. Rehabilitation and Return to Sport

Surgery is the beginning, not the end, of recovery from FAI. The quality and diligence of post-operative rehabilitation is perhaps the single most important determinant of final outcomes — more so than any single intraoperative technical detail. Most patients who are disappointed with their surgical results had inadequate or incomplete rehabilitation.

Phase 1: Protected Weight-Bearing (Weeks 0–4)

After hip arthroscopy for FAI, protected weight-bearing with crutches for 2–4 weeks is standard to protect the labral repair while initial healing occurs. The precise duration depends on the extent of labral repair (longer with more extensive repairs) and whether cartilage work was performed. Patients are typically toe-touch or flatfoot weight-bearing rather than fully off the floor.

Continuous passive motion (CPM): Many hip surgeons prescribe a CPM machine — a device that gently moves the hip through a range of motion passively — for use 4–6 hours per day for the first 2–6 weeks post-operatively. The rationale is that gentle, continuous passive movement promotes cartilage healing by facilitating synovial fluid circulation into the cartilage (which has no blood supply of its own). CPM is particularly recommended when chondral work (cartilage debridement or microfracture) was performed during arthroscopy.

Early passive range-of-motion exercises begin within the first few days, focusing on pain-free arcs that do not stress the repair. Hip flexion is typically limited to 90 degrees initially to protect the anterior labral repair.

Phase 2: Range of Motion and Muscle Activation (Weeks 4–12)

As weight-bearing progresses to full and crutches are weaned, therapy shifts to restoring full hip range of motion and activating the surrounding musculature. Key goals:

Hip flexor weakness is a common and sometimes underappreciated post-operative challenge. When the psoas tendon is released or manipulated during surgery (as is sometimes done when iliopsoas impingement is a contributing factor), hip flexor strength may be substantially reduced in the early post-operative period. Patients are often surprised by how much difficulty they have lifting their leg or climbing stairs — this is normal and should be specifically addressed in rehabilitation.

Phase 3: Strengthening (Months 3–6)

Progressive loading of the hip in functional movement patterns:

Phase 4: Return-to-Sport Training (Months 6–12+)

Sport-specific training including cutting, pivoting, deceleration, and sport-specific skill work. Return to competitive sport typically occurs between 6 and 9 months for most patients, though highly technical or contact sports may require up to 12 months. Return should be criterion-based — objective strength, hop testing, and movement quality assessments — not purely time-based.

The average return to cutting sport is 6–9 months after hip arthroscopy for FAI, with higher-demand sports (hockey, martial arts) often toward the longer end of this range.

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10. Prognosis and Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty

Understanding the realistic outcomes of FAI treatment helps you set appropriate expectations, whether you are pursuing conservative management or planning surgery.

Surgical Outcomes

The evidence base for hip arthroscopy has grown substantially over the past decade, with multiple large case series and now the FASHIoN RCT providing Level-I data. Overall outcomes are favorable:

Predictors of Good and Poor Outcome

Not all FAI patients achieve equally good results, and certain factors reliably predict outcomes:

Favorable predictors:

Unfavorable predictors:

Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty

A key concern for patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAI — particularly those with early cartilage damage — is whether they will eventually need a total hip replacement (THA). The honest answer is that arthroscopy does not guarantee a hip will never reach that point, but it significantly delays and in many cases prevents it.

In well-selected patients with preserved joint space (Tonnis grade 0–1), the conversion rate to THA within 10 years is approximately 10–15%. For patients with Tonnis grade 2 disease at the time of arthroscopy, this rate climbs substantially — some series report 30–50% conversion within 5–8 years. This is why the presence of joint space narrowing is such a critical decision point: for patients with advanced OA changes, THA is often the more appropriate primary intervention, providing reliable pain relief without the uncertainty of joint preservation attempts in a joint that may already be too damaged to benefit.

For young patients (<40) with Tonnis grade 0 or 1 disease who undergo successful FAI correction, arthroscopy represents genuine joint preservation: by eliminating the mechanical cause of cartilage and labral damage, the progression to OA can be halted or substantially slowed. Many of these patients achieve a durable functional result with a natural hip for decades.

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11. References & Research

Key Research Papers

  1. Griffin DR et al. (2018) — Arthroscopic femoroacetabular impingement surgery (FASHIoN trial). N Engl J Med. PMID: 30385505.
  2. Jimenez AE et al. (2016) — Hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement: systematic review. Am J Sports Med. PMID: 27578415.
  3. Byrd JW, Jones KS. (2011) — Arthroscopic management of FAI: 2-year follow-up. Orthopedics. PMID: 21558426.
  4. Sink EL et al. (2017) — Multi-center study of complications following surgical treatment of FAI. J Bone Joint Surg Am. PMID: 28389450.
  5. Nakano N et al. (2015) — Outcomes of arthroscopic treatment of FAI: minimum 5-year follow-up. Bone Joint J. PMID: 25995400.
  6. Bedi A, Dolan M, Hetsroni I et al. (2013) — Surgical treatment of FAI improves hip kinematics: a computer-assisted model. Arthroscopy. PMID: 24165999.
  7. Beck M, Kalhor M, Leunig M, Ganz R. (2005) — Hip morphology influences the pattern of damage to articular cartilage: femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of early osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. PMID: 20093484.
  8. Leunig M, Beaulé PE, Ganz R. (2008) — The concept of femoroacetabular impingement: current status and future perspectives. Clin Orthop Relat Res. PMID: 18258816.
  9. Nawabi DH et al. (2016) — Outcomes after arthroscopic treatment of FAI: are CAM and mixed morphologies associated with inferior results versus isolated CAM morphology? Am J Sports Med. PMID: 27801647.
  10. Clohisy JC et al. (2013) — The prevalence of cam deformity in asymptomatic adults: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. PMID: 23748198.
  11. Nepple JJ et al. (2011) — Clinical presentation of FAI: demographics, hip range of motion, and radiographic findings in 300 consecutive patients. Am J Sports Med. PMID: 21193590.
  12. Philippon MJ et al. (2010) — Rehabilitation exercise progression for the gluteus medius muscle with consideration for iliopsoas tendinitis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. PMID: 20869092.

PubMed: Femoroacetabular Impingement — Live search for the latest FAI research.

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12. Research Papers

The links below run live searches on PubMed, the U.S. National Library of Medicine's database of biomedical literature. Use them to explore the current evidence on femoroacetabular impingement — morphology, surgical techniques, rehabilitation, and long-term outcomes — and to find newer studies as they are published.

  1. FAI outcomes and results
  2. Hip arthroscopy labral repair
  3. CAM impingement femoroplasty
  4. Acetabular labrum tear diagnosis
  5. FAI alpha angle measurement
  6. FAI and hip osteoarthritis progression
  7. Hip arthroscopy return to sport
  8. Pincer impingement acetabular retroversion
  9. FAI physical therapy and rehabilitation
  10. CAM morphology in youth athletes
  11. Labral reconstruction hip allograft
  12. FAI conversion to total hip arthroplasty

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13. Connections

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