My Healthcare News & Research — March 17, 2026 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Phases Out Synthetic Food Dyes

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Editorial photography of a current health and medical research scene.
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Microscopic or molecular view of a biological mechanism under research.
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Table of Contents

  1. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Synthetic Dye Phase-Out: Where It Stood in March 2026
  2. Kennedy Directs U.S. Food and Drug Administration to Explore Ending Self-Affirmed Generally Recognized as Safe
  3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Action on Ingestible Fluoride Drugs for Children
  4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2026 Human Foods Program: Three Priority Areas
  5. Multivitamins and Epigenetic Aging Clocks in the COSMOS Trial
  6. Prebiotic Fiber (Inulin) in a Knee Osteoarthritis Trial
  7. Fecal Microbiota Transplant Trials With Cancer Immunotherapy
  8. Key Research Papers
  9. Connections
  10. Featured Videos

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Synthetic Dye Phase-Out: Where It Stood in March 2026

On 22 April 2025 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced measures to phase out petroleum-based synthetic dyes from the U.S. food supply. The release said the U.S. Food and Drug Administration would work with industry to eliminate six certified dyes — FD&C Green No. 3, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, Yellow No. 6, Blue No. 1 and Blue No. 2 — “by the end of next year,” and would start the process to revoke the authorizations of Citrus Red No. 2 and Orange B “within the coming months.” It also asked food companies to remove FD&C Red No. 3 sooner than required: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had revoked Red No. 3’s authorization in food and ingested drugs in an order published on 16 January 2025 (90 FR 4628), on data showing that it induces cancer in male rats, with deadlines of 15 January 2027 for food and 18 January 2028 for ingested drugs. The removal of the six main dyes rests on voluntary industry commitments, not on a rule.

By the date of this article the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had proposed removing Orange B, permitted only on frankfurter and sausage casings and last batch certified in 1978 (proposed order of 17 September 2025, 90 FR 44786); no Citrus Red No. 2 proposal had been published. It had also approved colors from natural sources: Galdieria extract blue, an expanded use of butterfly pea flower extract and calcium phosphate (orders of 12 May 2025; 90 FR 20104, 20101 and 20097), gardenia (genipin) blue (15 July 2025; 90 FR 31586), and, on 6 February 2026, beetroot red (91 FR 5295) and wider use of spirulina extract (91 FR 5291). Later in 2026: after objections were filed, the effective dates of the beetroot red and spirulina extract orders were delayed indefinitely as of 20 March 2026 (91 FR 13965 and 13966); on 23 July 2026 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration finalized the Orange B revocation (91 FR 46276, effective 8 September 2026) and proposed revoking Citrus Red No. 2 (91 FR 46330).

On industry commitments, a 14 July 2025 U.S. Food and Drug Administration release stated that “about 40 percent of the food industry has committed to a voluntary phase-out of such dyes.” The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s pledge tracker, current as of 15 September 2026, gives the target for the six dyes as “by the end of 2027,” and many of the listed commitments cover school foods first. At the state level, KFF Health News reported in January 2026 that roughly 75 bills aimed at food dyes were introduced in 37 states in 2025. West Virginia’s law (House Bill 2354, approved 24 March 2025) treats food containing FD&C Red No. 3, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, Yellow No. 6, Blue No. 1, Blue No. 2 or Green No. 3, butylated hydroxyanisole or propylparaben as adulterated from 1 January 2028, and has barred the seven dyes from school nutrition program meals since 1 August 2025.

On the evidence behind the concern, a 2007 randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial in The Lancet (153 three-year-olds and 144 eight- and nine-year-olds) found that drinks containing mixes of artificial colours plus the preservative sodium benzoate increased a global hyperactivity measure compared with placebo; the authors attributed the effect to the colours or the preservative or both. A health effects assessment by California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), dated April 2021 and published as a peer-reviewed review in 2022, found that 16 of 25 challenge studies identified some evidence of an association between synthetic food dyes and adverse behaviour in children, statistically significant in 13; it concluded that the human trials and animal studies support an association and that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s acceptable daily intakes rest on older studies not designed to assess these behavioural effects.

Sources: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.gov, MedLifeGuide, KFF Health News; Federal Register documents cited by number above; West Virginia Legislature, HB 2354 (2025), enrolled version

Kennedy Directs U.S. Food and Drug Administration to Explore Ending Self-Affirmed Generally Recognized as Safe

On 10 March 2025 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. directed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to explore rulemaking to eliminate the self-affirmed Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) pathway. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services described the current system this way: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration “strongly encourages” companies to submit generally recognized as safe notices, “but industry can self-affirm that the use of a substance is generally recognized as safe without notifying the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.” The release said the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had completed and published more than 1,000 generally recognized as safe notices and evaluates an average of 75 a year, and that U.S. Department of Health and Human Services would work with Congress on legislation to “completely close the generally recognized as safe loophole.”

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s 2026 Human Foods Program deliverables state that “U.S. Food and Drug Administration will publish a proposed regulation to require the submission to U.S. Food and Drug Administration of generally recognized as safe notices for all new substances claimed to be generally recognized as safe.” Later in 2026: the proposed rule, “Substances Generally Recognized as Safe,” was published on 11 August 2026 (91 FR 51834, Docket FDA-2025-N-3262).

Sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.gov, CNN, Washington Post

U.S. Food and Drug Administration Action on Ingestible Fluoride Drugs for Children

On 13 May 2025 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced it was “initiating action to remove concentrated ingestible fluoride prescription drug products for children from the market” — drops and chewable tablets that are swallowed and that, the agency said, have never been U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved — and set 31 October 2025 as the goal date for completing a safety review and public comment period. The release cited studies on the gut microbiome and reported associations with thyroid disorders, weight gain and possibly decreased IQ. On 31 October 2025 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced restrictions rather than a full removal: its program page states that “U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that ingestible fluoride drug products be limited to children aged three years and older who are at high risk for tooth decay,” and the agency sent notices to four companies about products labeled outside those limits.

Separately, the EPA was appealing a 24 September 2024 federal district court ruling (Food & Water Watch v. EPA, Northern District of California) that fluoridation at 0.7 mg/L poses an “unreasonable risk” of reduced IQ in children under the Toxic Substances Control Act, and that ordered the agency to begin rulemaking; the appeal was framed on procedural grounds rather than contesting the risk finding. Later in 2026: on 21 May 2026 the Ninth Circuit vacated the ruling on procedural grounds and remanded the case without addressing the risk finding.

Sources: PBS News, Axios, Children's Health Defense; U.S. Food and Drug Administration news releases of 13 May and 31 October 2025

U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2026 Human Foods Program: Three Priority Areas

On 10 February 2026 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released its Human Foods Program 2026 Priority Deliverables, organized in three areas:

  1. Food Chemical Safety — a proposed regulation requiring generally recognized as safe notices for all new substances claimed to be generally recognized as safe, a shift from petroleum-based dyes toward colors from natural sources with faster review, and post-market reviews of chemicals such as phthalates, BHA and BHT
  2. Reducing Chronic Disease Through Better Nutrition — developing a federal definition of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) with U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), along with front-of-package labeling and infant formula work
  3. Microbiological Food Safety — preventing pathogen-related foodborne illness, including oversight of imported foods and implementation of the food traceability rule

On 17 February 2026 Food Safety Magazine reported that Secretary Kennedy had named Kyle Diamantas, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Deputy Commissioner for Human Foods, and Grace Graham, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Deputy Commissioner for Policy, Legislation, and International Affairs, Senior Counselors for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration at U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, with both keeping their U.S. Food and Drug Administration positions.

Sources: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.gov, Food Safety Magazine

Research: Multivitamins and Epigenetic Aging Clocks in the COSMOS Trial

A prespecified ancillary study of the COSMOS randomized trial, published in Nature Medicine in March 2026, measured five DNA-methylation “epigenetic clocks” in 958 participants over 2 years. Compared with placebo, a daily multivitamin-multimineral modestly slowed the rate of increase of two second-generation clocks, with a between-group difference in yearly change of 0.113 years for PCGrimAge and 0.214 years for PCPhenoAge; the PCGrimAge effect was larger in people whose biological aging was accelerated at baseline. Cocoa extract (500 mg of cocoa flavanols a day) had no effect on any of the five clocks. The authors described the effects as statistically significant but small and wrote that further studies are needed to determine their clinical relevance.

Source: Nature Medicine 2026

Prebiotic Fiber (Inulin) in a Knee Osteoarthritis Trial

In a 2 × 2 factorial randomized trial published in Nutrients in February 2026, 117 adults with knee osteoarthritis received for 6 weeks 20 g a day of the prebiotic fiber inulin, a digital physiotherapy-supported exercise program, both, or a 10 g a day maltodextrin placebo. Compared with placebo, pain on a numerical rating scale fell with inulin (between-group difference −1.11 points, p = 0.045) and with exercise (−1.55, p = 0.002), with no added effect from combining them. Inulin also improved grip strength and measures of pain sensitivity and raised blood butyrate and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), while the timed walking and sit-to-stand tests improved with exercise rather than inulin. Inulin is a dietary fiber found in chicory root and Jerusalem artichokes; the authors linked the grip-strength gain to the rise in glucagon-like peptide-1, “suggesting a gut-muscle link,” and the trial adds to research on the gut-joint connection.

Fecal Microbiota Transplant Trials With Cancer Immunotherapy

Three early-phase trials published together in Nature Medicine on 28 January 2026 tested fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from donors alongside immune checkpoint inhibitors:

The authors describe the results as supporting the safety and potential efficacy of FMT with immunotherapy and calling for further trials. The work adds to research on the role of the gut microbiome in immune function and response to cancer treatment.

News Archive

Key Research Papers

  1. McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, et al. (2007). Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 370(9598):1560-1567. — PubMed PMID: 17825405
  2. Miller MD, Steinmaus C, Golub MS, Castorina R, Thilakartne R, Bradman A, Marty MA (2022). Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence. Environmental Health 21(1):45. — PubMed PMID: 35484553
  3. Li S, Hamaya R, Zhu H, Chen BH, Pereira AC, Ivey KL, et al. (2026). Effects of daily multivitamin-multimineral and cocoa extract supplementation on epigenetic aging clocks in the COSMOS randomized clinical trial. Nature Medicine 32(3):1012-1022. — PubMed PMID: 41803341
  4. Kouraki A, Franks S, Vijay A, Kurien T, Taylor MA, Smith SL, et al. (2026). Effect of prebiotic supplementation with and without physiotherapy on pain and pain sensitivity in people with knee osteoarthritis. Nutrients 18(5):714. — PubMed PMID: 41829888
  5. Duttagupta S, Messaoudene M, Hunter S, Desilets A, Jamal R, Mihalcioiu C, et al. (2026). Fecal microbiota transplantation plus immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma: the phase 2 FMT-LUMINate trial. Nature Medicine 32(4):1337-1350. — PubMed PMID: 41606121
  6. Fernandes R, Jabbarizadeh B, Rajeh A, Hong MMY, Baines KJ, Ernst S, et al. (2026). Fecal microbiota transplantation plus immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the phase 1 PERFORM trial. Nature Medicine 32(4):1325-1336. — PubMed PMID: 41606120
  7. Porcari S, Ciccarese C, Heidrich V, Rondinella D, Quaranta G, Severino A, et al. (2026). Fecal microbiota transplantation plus pembrolizumab and axitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the randomized phase 2 TACITO trial. Nature Medicine 32(4):1316-1324. — PubMed PMID: 41606119

PubMed Topic Searches

  1. Clinical trials on synthetic food dyes and children's health — PubMed search
  2. Clinical trials on fluoride supplementation in children — PubMed search
  3. Clinical trials on ultra-processed foods and chronic disease — PubMed search
  4. Clinical trials on multivitamins and biological aging — PubMed search
  5. Clinical trials on inulin and osteoarthritis — PubMed search
  6. Clinical trials on FMT and immunotherapy — PubMed search

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Connections

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2026 03 17 — scientific infographic poster