Yohimbe and Yohimbine

Yohimbe is the bark of an evergreen tree of western and central Africa, Pausinystalia johimbe; yohimbine is its main alkaloid, a drug that blocks the alpha-2 “brake” on the body’s noradrenaline system and so turns the fight-or-flight signal up. As a prescription tablet it gave a modest benefit for erectile dysfunction in small trials — mostly in men with no physical cause — and the fat-loss evidence is a handful of small studies that disagree with each other. What is firmly documented is the downside: rises in blood pressure and heart rate, anxiety and panic, poison-centre cases and deaths at high doses, and supplement labels that often do not say how much yohimbine is inside.

Three things belong at the top. First, this is a drug, not a food: yohimbine was sold for decades as a prescription tablet, and it acts like one. Second, you usually cannot know your dose: tests of U.S. yohimbe products found anything from none to 12.1 mg of yohimbine per serving, and people clear the same dose at wildly different speeds. Third, several groups of people should not take it at all — anyone with heart disease, high blood pressure, an anxiety or panic disorder, bipolar disorder, or kidney or liver disease; anyone pregnant or breastfeeding; and anyone taking antidepressants, stimulants or blood-pressure medicines (details under Interactions and Who Must Not Use It). The European Union has prohibited yohimbe bark in foods, food supplements included, since 2019.

Table of Contents

  1. What It Is: The Tree, the Bark and the Alkaloid
  2. Traditional Use and the Prescription Years
  3. Erectile Dysfunction: What the Trials Show
  4. Fat Loss and the “Stubborn Fat” Claim
  5. What Is Actually in a Yohimbe Supplement
  6. Forms on the Shelf and the Doses That Were Studied
  7. Myths and Overclaims: What the Videos Get Wrong
  8. Safety: Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Anxiety and Poison-Centre Data
  9. Interactions and Who Must Not Use It
  10. Regulatory Status: FDA and the European Union
  11. Key Research Papers
  12. Connections
  13. Featured Videos

What It Is: The Tree, the Bark and the Alkaloid

Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe, also written P. yohimbe and known as Corynanthe yohimbe) is an evergreen tree native to western and central Africa and a member of the Rubiaceae, the coffee family. The part that is used is the bark. It carries a group of closely related alkaloids — yohimbine, rauwolscine and corynanthine among them — of which yohimbine is the most active. Authentic bark has been reported to contain up to about 6% total alkaloids, 10–15% of which is yohimbine; the authentic bark tested by FDA chemists in 1995 held 7,089 parts per million of yohimbine, about 0.7% by weight.

Keep three words apart: yohimbe is the tree and its bark; yohimbine is the purified chemical; yohimbine hydrochloride is its salt form, used in the old prescription tablets and many supplements. Nearly all the human research below used measured doses of purified yohimbine, not bark — worth remembering when a “yohimbe bark extract” borrows the trials’ results.

How yohimbine acts in the body

Nerve endings that release noradrenaline (also called norepinephrine) carry alpha-2 receptors that sense how much has already been released and slow further release — a built-in brake. Yohimbine blocks that brake. In healthy male volunteers it raised blood noradrenaline two- to threefold, pushed blood pressure up in step with the dose, and shifted mood scales “from calm toward excited” (Goldberg 1983, PMID 6352483). Fat cells carry alpha-2 receptors too, where they damp down the release of stored fat; that is the basis of the fat-loss claims discussed below.

Yohimbine also acts on the brain. The old U.S. prescription label described it as entering the central nervous system readily and producing “central excitation including elevation of blood pressure and heart rate, increased motor activity, irritability, and tremor.” It is not a PDE5 inhibitor: it works by a different route from sildenafil and the other erectile-dysfunction pills of that class.

Its behaviour in the body is unusually variable. In healthy men an oral dose is absorbed within minutes and has a half-life of about 36 minutes (Owen 1987, PMID 3653227), yet the share reaching the bloodstream ranged from 7% to 87% between individuals (Guthrie 1990, PMID 2076728). Virtually none leaves unchanged in urine; it is broken down, mainly by the liver enzyme CYP2D6, whose activity is partly set by genes. In a 2020 study, clearance of a 5 mg dose differed several-hundred-fold between volunteers with different CYP2D6 types (Vay 2020, PMID 32060866), and when four people thought to have taken the same dose of a yohimbine powder were admitted to hospital, their blood levels differed 22-fold — a spread their CYP2D6 types could explain (Mueller-Schoell 2021, PMID 34027562). The practical meaning: the same capsule can be a weak dose for one person and a heavy one for the next.

Evidence tier: human pharmacology studies — small, but direct measurements in people.

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Traditional Use and the Prescription Years

Traditional use. In West and Central Africa the bark has long been used as an aphrodisiac and sexual-performance enhancer, and also as a mild hallucinogen. That is traditional use only: it tells us how the bark was valued, not whether or how well it works.

A prescription tablet. In the United States yohimbine hydrochloride was sold on prescription as a 5.4 mg tablet. Its label, as still reproduced online in 2014, listed it in old pharmacological language as “a sympathicolytic and mydriatic” that “may have activity as an aphrodisiac,” and gave an “experimental dosage reported in treatment of erectile impotence”: one tablet three times a day, for no more than 10 weeks (archived copy of the label). Much of the modern research came from Morales and colleagues in Kingston, Ontario, who reported on impotence in men with diabetes in 1981 (PMID 7290137) before running the placebo-controlled trials described in the next section.

The 1989 FDA rule. An FDA rule on non-prescription aphrodisiacs named yohimbine, yohimbine hydrochloride and “yohimbinum” among the ingredients sold for that purpose, found “a lack of adequate data” on the safety and effectiveness of any of them, and called aphrodisiac label claims “either false, misleading, or unsupported by scientific data” (see Regulatory Status).

From pharmacy to supplement shelf. By 1995 FDA chemists noted that yohimbe bark was being promoted in the U.S. as a dietary-supplement alternative to anabolic steroids for athletes (Betz 1995), and bodybuilders later took up yohimbine for its presumed fat-burning effect (Giampreti 2009, PMID 19640235). In 1996 the American Urological Association’s guideline panel judged its effect in organic ED marginal; in February 1998 a meta-analysis was kinder; and in March 1998 the FDA approved sildenafil, the first PDE5-inhibitor pill. Interest in yohimbine then largely faded. As Morales wrote in 2001, it is an old drug that “does not enjoy patent protection or commercial viability,” and properly designed trials in humans have never been performed (PMID 11550783).

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Erectile Dysfunction: What the Trials Show

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is usually sorted by cause: organic (blood vessels, nerves or hormones, often alongside diabetes or heart disease), psychogenic (anxiety, stress or relationship factors in a body that otherwise works normally) or mixed. The distinction turns out to matter for yohimbine. Our Erectile Dysfunction page covers the treatments with the strongest evidence.

The placebo-controlled trials

Psychogenic ED — positive. Reid and colleagues (1987) gave 48 men who met strict criteria for psychogenic impotence 18 mg of yohimbine a day or a placebo in a 10-week double-blind trial. At the end of the first phase, 62% on yohimbine and 16% on placebo reported some improvement in sexual function; across the whole trial, 46% of the men given yohimbine responded.

Organic ED — not significant. The same group gave 18 mg a day or placebo to 100 men with organic impotence (Morales 1987). The response rate was 42.6% on yohimbine against 27.6% on placebo, a difference that did not reach statistical significance; the authors called the response “at best marginal.”

ED with no clear cause — positive. In a German double-blind trial, 86 men with no clearly detectable organic or psychological cause took 30 mg a day or placebo for eight weeks: 71% responded on yohimbine against 45% on placebo, and most side effects were mild (Vogt 1997).

Mixed-type ED — no better than placebo. In a Finnish crossover trial, 29 men took 36 mg a day and a placebo for 25 days each; 44% improved on yohimbine and 48% on placebo (Kunelius 1997, PMID 9123711).

Organic ED at a very high dose — no better than placebo. A Brazilian study gave 22 men (average age 58) a single daily dose of 100 mg for 30 days and a placebo for 30 days. There was no significant difference from placebo, and anxiety, a faster heart rate, more urine and headache were the commonest side effects (Telöken 1998, PMID 9400452).

Organic versus psychogenic

Side by side, trials in men without a physical cause were positive, while trials in organic or mixed ED mostly were not. Curiously, the share of men who improved on yohimbine was similar in the two Kingston trials (46% and 43.5%), so their authors suggested that response was unrelated to the cause. What differed was the placebo response, which ran from 16% to 48% across the trials above — a reminder of how many men with ED improve on a dummy pill, and why a testimonial cannot tell you whether yohimbine did anything.

The guideline and the meta-analyses

In 1996 the American Urological Association’s guideline panel pooled the outcome data and concluded that they “clearly indicate a therapy with marginal efficacy”: yohimbine “does not appear to be effective for organic erectile dysfunction” and should not be recommended for the standard patient (Montague 1996).

The best-known summary is the 1998 meta-analysis by Ernst and Pittler. It pooled seven randomised placebo-controlled trials: men taking yohimbine had roughly four times the odds of improvement compared with placebo (odds ratio 3.85, 95% confidence interval 2.22 to 6.67), and serious adverse reactions in the trials were infrequent and reversible. The authors judged yohimbine a reasonable first drug to try — a conclusion published a few weeks before the first PDE5-inhibitor pill was approved in the United States. A 2021 meta-analysis of eight randomised trials found a smaller effect for yohimbine on its own (odds ratio 2.08 for improved erectile function) and no significant improvement in overall sexual function unless it was combined with other agents (Wibowo 2021).

Later studies and combinations

After 1998 the research shrank to small studies. In a dose-escalation study of 18 non-smoking men with organic ED, 9 completed intercourse in over three-quarters of attempts; the responders had milder ED (Guay 2002, PMID 11896474). A French crossover pilot in 45 men found that 6 g of L-arginine glutamate plus 6 mg of yohimbine, taken one to two hours before sex, beat placebo on the erectile-function score, mainly in mild-to-moderate ED (Lebret 2002, PMID 12074777; see Arginine for Erectile Function).

Evidence tier: randomised controlled trials in humans — but small (22 to 100 men), mostly from 1987–1998, and using prescription-grade yohimbine. Together they support a modest benefit in ED without a clear physical cause and little or none in organic ED. None of these trials tested a bark supplement.

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Fat Loss and the “Stubborn Fat” Claim

The fat-loss story starts from a real observation. Fat cells carry two kinds of adrenaline receptor: beta receptors, which switch on the release of stored fat, and alpha-2 receptors, which put a brake on it. Block the brake, the argument goes, and fat comes out of storage more easily — especially from the hips and thighs, the “stubborn” areas said to be rich in alpha-2 receptors.

What the blood tests show

Researchers in Toulouse tested this directly. A single oral dose of yohimbine (0.2 mg per kg of body weight, about 14 mg for a 70 kg adult) raised the blood markers of fat release — glycerol and free fatty acids — in fasting healthy men, and raised blood noradrenaline by 40–50%. The effect was stronger during exercise and completely abolished after a meal (Galitzky 1988). In lean and obese women the same dose produced a similar rise, but the team concluded that it came mainly from the extra noradrenaline acting on beta receptors: blocking the fat cells’ own alpha-2 brake “seems to be a minor component,” and obese women did not respond more than lean ones (Berlan 1991, PMID 1885256).

This is where the popular advice to take yohimbine fasted, before cardio comes from. It was set out in a 2002 hypothesis paper proposing pre-exercise dosing, timed away from meals, to boost fat burning and to reach “refractory” hip-and-thigh fat (McCarty 2002, PMID 12323115). A hypothesis paper proposes; it does not test. And a rise in fatty acids in the blood shows fat being released, not fat being lost — the studies above measured the first, not the second.

The trials that measured weight or body fat

Obese women on a diet — a small benefit. Twenty obese women already on a 1,000-calorie diet were randomised to 5 mg of yohimbine four times a day or a placebo for three weeks. They lost 3.55 kg on yohimbine against 2.21 kg on placebo — about 1.3 kg more — although no effect on fat breakdown could be measured (Kucio 1991, PMID 1955308).

Men over six months — nothing. Forty-seven men (average age 42) were randomised to placebo or high-dose yohimbine (up to 43 mg a day), and 33 finished the six months. Yohimbine had no effect on weight, body-mass index, cholesterol, body fat, or fat distribution measured by waist-to-hip ratio and CT scan (Sax 1991).

Soccer players — a positive result, never replicated. In 2006 Ostojic randomised 20 top-level male soccer players to 20 mg of yohimbine a day (two 10 mg doses) or an identical placebo for 21 days, alongside resistance training. Body weight and muscle mass did not change in either group, and neither did any performance test (bench and leg press, vertical jump, dribbling, power and shuttle run). Body-fat percentage fell from 9.3% to 7.1% in the yohimbine group, and no player reported side effects. It is one small, short study by a single author in lean athletes, and we found no independent replication in PubMed (searched September 2026).

Evidence tier: small randomised trials in humans with mixed results — two small positive trials (20 people each, three weeks) and a negative one that was also the longest (six months) — plus single-dose studies of blood markers. The one trial that imaged fat distribution found no change, and the hoped-for effect, if real, is small next to the cardiovascular risks set out below. For approaches with stronger evidence, see Obesity.

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What Is Actually in a Yohimbe Supplement

A trial tells you what a measured dose of purified yohimbine does. A supplement bottle is a different question, and four independent laboratory analyses over two decades have given much the same answer: you often cannot tell from the label what you are getting.

1995 — FDA chemists. In many products no plant material could be identified, because they were extracts or mixtures of several botanicals. Measured yohimbine ranged from under 0.1 to 489 parts per million, against 7,089 in authentic bark; the products were largely missing the bark’s other alkaloids, and extra peaks in the analysis hinted at undeclared diluents (Betz 1995).

2003 — twenty “aphrodisiac” products. Taken at the maximum daily amount on their labels, they would supply anywhere from 1.3 to 23.2 mg of yohimbine a day (Zanolari 2003, PMID 12892413) — the top of that range above the 16.2 mg a day of the old prescription regimen.

2012 — eighteen supplement samples. A U.S. Department of Agriculture laboratory found wide variability, and for most products the yohimbine content did not match the label claim (Sun and Chen 2012, PMID 22221902).

2016 — forty-nine brands from seven major U.S. retail chains. Yohimbine per serving ranged from none detected to 12.1 mg. Only 11 of the 49 labels stated an amount, and most of those were wrong (actual content 23% to 147% of the label). Nineteen products lacked rauwolscine and corynanthine, suggesting synthetic or highly processed yohimbine rather than bark. Nine gave no information about side effects, and only 2 of the 49 gave both an accurate amount and a side-effect warning (Cohen 2016).

Two practical points follow. Many products hide the amount inside a “proprietary blend”, which U.S. labelling rules allow — an unknown dose of every ingredient (see How to Verify a Supplement). And sexual enhancement, the commonest reason people take yohimbe products (27.7% of the California poison-centre cases below), also led FDA warnings about supplements spiked with undeclared prescription drugs: 353 of 776 flagged products from 2007 to 2016, most often with sildenafil (Tucker 2018, PMID 30646238; see Hidden Prescription Drugs).

Evidence tier: laboratory analyses of products bought at retail — direct measurements, not opinion.

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Forms on the Shelf and the Doses That Were Studied

Yohimbine is not part of any ordinary diet; what is sold under the name comes in four broad forms:

The doses used in the research give a sense of scale. They are not a recommendation:

We deliberately do not suggest a dose: with absorption from 7% to 87%, a several-hundred-fold spread in clearance, untrustworthy labels and common drug interactions, no printed number can be a safe dose for a particular reader. Forensic toxicologists put the usual blood level after a 5–15 mg dose at 40–400 ng/mL; the two deaths described below had levels of 5,400 and 7,400 ng/mL (Anderson 2013, PMID 23846025).

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Myths and Overclaims: What the Videos Get Wrong

“A natural ED cure hidden from most Americans.” Nothing about yohimbine was hidden. It was a U.S. prescription drug for decades, the subject of published placebo-controlled trials from 1987 onward, named in an FDA rule in 1989, and it is sold openly as a supplement — the 2016 analysis bought 49 brands at seven major U.S. retail chains. The true part of the story is duller: yohimbine is an old, unpatentable drug, so no company will pay for the large modern trials that could settle its value (Morales 2001). Nor is it a “cure”: its advantage over placebo was modest and seen mainly in men without a physical cause, and the 1996 urology guideline found its effect in organic ED marginal. Much of what is sold is not especially “natural” either: 19 of 49 products lacked the bark’s companion alkaloids, a sign of synthetic or highly processed yohimbine.

“Take it fasted and it melts stubborn fat.” The fasting rule has a real basis — a meal abolished yohimbine’s effect on fat release in a single-dose study — but that study measured fatty acids in the blood, not fat lost from the body. The longest trial, six months in 47 men, found no change in weight, body fat or fat distribution, and no study has shown fat leaving particular “stubborn” places.

“I took it and it worked.” A personal account cannot separate yohimbine from the diet, training, expectation and time that come with it. In the erectile-dysfunction trials between 16% and 48% of men improved on a placebo; in the soccer study, body weight did not change even in the yohimbine group.

“It’s a natural herb, so it’s gentle.” Yohimbine cases reported to the California Poison Control System had 5.8 times the odds of a severe outcome compared with the average case (Kearney 2010), and the EU banned yohimbe bark in food after no one submitted data showing it was safe.

“More works better.” The highest-dose trial (100 mg a day) did no better than placebo and brought anxiety, a faster heart rate and headaches; at the extreme, the case reports below involve seizures, coma and death.

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Safety: Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Anxiety and Poison-Centre Data

Yohimbine’s side effects follow from what it does: more noradrenaline, more fight-or-flight. The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) notes that it has been associated with irregular heart rhythms, blood-pressure problems, heart attacks and seizures (NCCIH: Yohimbe).

Blood pressure and heart rate

In a 1983 study of healthy male volunteers, yohimbine raised blood pressure in step with the dose — systolic pressure by an average of 28 mmHg at the highest dose tested (Goldberg 1983, PMID 6352483). People who already have high blood pressure appear more sensitive: in a randomised, placebo-controlled comparison, a single 10 mg oral dose raised diastolic pressure significantly in 29 untreated patients with hypertension but not in 25 healthy volunteers (Musso 1995, PMID 7662240). A faster heart rate is one of the commonest complaints, both in trials and in poison-centre calls. See Hypertension and Arrhythmia.

Anxiety, panic and mania

Yohimbine provokes anxiety reliably enough that psychiatric researchers have used it to study panic attacks. Given to 20 healthy people and 39 drug-free patients with agoraphobia and panic attacks, it caused significantly more anxiety, nervousness, palpitations, hot and cold flashes, restlessness and tremor — and a larger rise in systolic pressure — in the patients (Charney 1984). A separate report described three patients who developed manic symptoms after being given yohimbine (Price 1984, PMID 6091464). The old prescription label also warned against its use “in psychiatric patients in general.” See Panic Disorder, Anxiety and Bipolar Disorder.

What poison centres see

The largest look at real-world harm is a California Poison Control System review of 2000–2006, which found 238 adults with symptoms after taking a yohimbine-containing product. Reports rose from 1.8 to 8.0 per 10,000 adult exposures, and 98.7% involved herbal products rather than prescription yohimbine. The commonest reasons for use were sexual enhancement (27.7%), weight loss (9.2%) and a stimulant effect (7.6%). The commonest problems were stomach upset (46%), a fast heart rate (43%), anxiety or agitation (33%) and high blood pressure (25%). Compared with the average exposure reported to the same centres, yohimbine cases had 5.8 times the odds of a severe outcome and 2.4 times the odds of needing treatment in a health-care facility (Kearney 2010).

At the severe end: case reports

Case reports cannot tell you how often something happens, but they show what can.

Deaths. Two U.S. medical examiner and coroner offices each ruled a death an accidental acute yohimbine intoxication, with blood levels of 7,400 and 5,400 ng/mL and no other significant findings (Anderson 2013, PMID 23846025).

Seizures and coma. A 37-year-old bodybuilder who swallowed 5 g of yohimbine during a competition had repeated seizures and lost consciousness, with a blood pressure of 259/107 mmHg and a heart rate of 140; he needed a breathing tube and was off it, with normal findings, twelve hours later (Giampreti 2009, PMID 19640235).

Priapism. An erection that would not subside after yohimbe extract had to be relieved with a surgical shunt in the operating room (Myers 2009, PMID 19876857).

Heart muscle. A 54-year-old man who overdosed on a yohimbine-containing “male enhancement” pill was admitted with heart failure from a rare form of stress cardiomyopathy (reverse takotsubo) (Rodriguez-Castro 2015, PMID 25552809).

Kidneys and skin. A 42-year-old man developed a generalised skin eruption, progressive kidney failure and a lupus-like syndrome after treatment with yohimbine (Sandler 1993, PMID 8470320).

When it is an emergency: chest pain, a pounding or irregular heartbeat, a severe headache, confusion, a seizure, or an erection lasting more than four hours after taking a yohimbe product all need emergency care.

Evidence tier: controlled studies in people for the blood-pressure, heart-rate and anxiety effects; poison-centre surveillance for real-world frequency; single case reports for the rare severe events.

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Interactions and Who Must Not Use It

Medicines and supplements that do not mix with it

MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. NCCIH’s advice is direct: do not use yohimbe if you take either class of antidepressant.

Other antidepressants. The old prescription label said yohimbine should not be used with “mood-modifying drugs such as antidepressants” (archived label warnings). There is a measured reason too: the SSRI paroxetine blocks CYP2D6, and in the 2020 study it cut yohimbine clearance more than fivefold in people with normal CYP2D6 activity (Vay 2020, PMID 32060866). Other antidepressants that strongly block CYP2D6, such as fluoxetine and bupropion, would be expected to do the same, although that study did not test them.

Stimulants. Caffeine, synephrine (bitter orange), ephedrine-type ingredients such as those in Sida cordifolia, ADHD stimulants and decongestants raise heart rate and blood pressure by other routes, so the effects can add — a caution based on pharmacology rather than on trials of the combinations. “Fat burners” and pre-workouts can contain several at once; see Stimulants in Weight-Loss and Energy Products.

Blood-pressure medicines. Yohimbine pushes blood pressure up, working against any drug meant to bring it down, and it directly opposes clonidine-type medicines (clonidine, guanfacine, methyldopa), which work by stimulating the very alpha-2 receptors yohimbine blocks — emergency physicians have even used yohimbine as an antidote to clonidine overdose (Roberge 1996, PMID 8906769).

Who must not use it

Evidence tier: prescription-label warnings and NCCIH guidance, backed by controlled studies for blood pressure and anxiety; pharmacology and a single pharmacokinetic study for the liver and antidepressant cautions.

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Regulatory Status: FDA and the European Union

United States

As a drug. Under the 1989 rule (21 CFR 310.528), any over-the-counter product sold as an aphrodisiac is treated as a new drug that needs FDA approval before it can be marketed. NCCIH puts it plainly: marketing an over-the-counter yohimbine product as a treatment for erectile dysfunction without FDA approval is illegal. The FDA’s Drugs@FDA database records no approval of a yohimbine medicine for people, and as of September 2026 the DailyMed label database lists no prescription yohimbine tablet.

As a supplement. Yohimbe bark is sold in the United States as a dietary supplement, and supplements are not approved by the FDA before sale. The California poison-centre authors argued in 2010 that whether yohimbine counts as a “safe” supplement under the 1994 supplement law should be re-examined (Kearney 2010).

European Union

In 2009 Germany asked the European Commission to act on yohimbe and ephedra. In 2013 the European Food Safety Authority concluded that the chemical and toxicological data on yohimbe bark and its preparations were not adequate to judge their safety as food ingredients, so it could not advise on any daily intake that would not raise concern (EFSA 2013). In 2015 yohimbe was placed “under Union scrutiny” (Regulation (EU) 2015/403), and when no one submitted safety data within the deadline, Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/650 moved “yohimbe bark and its preparations” to the list of substances whose use in food is prohibited, in force from May 2019. Food supplements are foodstuffs under EU law, so the ban covers yohimbe supplements; medicines are regulated separately.

Elsewhere, yohimbe is restricted or banned in many countries, so what is legal where you live may differ from what is sold online.

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Key Research Papers

  1. Ernst E, Pittler MH (1998). Yohimbine for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. The Journal of Urology. — PubMed PMID: 9649257
  2. Reid K, Surridge DH, Morales A, et al. (1987). Double-blind trial of yohimbine in treatment of psychogenic impotence. The Lancet. — PubMed PMID: 2887726
  3. Morales A, Condra M, Owen JA, et al. (1987). Is yohimbine effective in the treatment of organic impotence? Results of a controlled trial. The Journal of Urology. — PubMed PMID: 3295302
  4. Vogt HJ, Brandl P, Kockott G, et al. (1997). Double-blind, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy trial with yohimbine hydrochloride in the treatment of nonorganic erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research. — PubMed PMID: 9315493
  5. Montague DK, Barada JH, Belker AM, et al. (1996). Clinical guidelines panel on erectile dysfunction: summary report on the treatment of organic erectile dysfunction. The American Urological Association. The Journal of Urology. — PubMed PMID: 8911378
  6. Wibowo DNSA, Soebadi DM, Soebadi MA (2021). Yohimbine as a treatment for erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Turkish Journal of Urology. — PubMed PMID: 35118966
  7. Ostojic SM (2006). Yohimbine: the effects on body composition and exercise performance in soccer players. Research in Sports Medicine. — PubMed PMID: 17214405
  8. Galitzky J, Taouis M, Berlan M, et al. (1988). Alpha 2-antagonist compounds and lipid mobilization: evidence for a lipid mobilizing effect of oral yohimbine in healthy male volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. — PubMed PMID: 2906290
  9. Sax L (1991). Yohimbine does not affect fat distribution in men. International Journal of Obesity. — PubMed PMID: 1960007
  10. Betz JM, White KD, der Marderosian AH (1995). Gas chromatographic determination of yohimbine in commercial yohimbe products. Journal of AOAC International. — PubMed PMID: 7549534
  11. Cohen PA, Wang YH, Maller G, et al. (2016). Pharmaceutical quantities of yohimbine found in dietary supplements in the USA. Drug Testing and Analysis. — PubMed PMID: 26391406
  12. Kearney T, Tu N, Haller C (2010). Adverse drug events associated with yohimbine-containing products: a retrospective review of the California Poison Control System reported cases. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. — PubMed PMID: 20442348
  13. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Breier A (1984). Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety. Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. — PubMed PMID: 6742977
  14. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) (2013). Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the safety in use of Yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille). EFSA Journal. — doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3302

PubMed Topic Searches

  1. PubMed: Yohimbine & erectile dysfunction trials
  2. PubMed: Yohimbine, fat mobilisation & body fat
  3. PubMed: Yohimbine toxicity & dietary supplements

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Connections

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