Lotus Seeds - Beneficial Foods

Table of Contents

1. History and Traditional Use
2. The Plant, the Seed and the Bitter Green Heart
3. Lotus Seeds and Makhana: Two Different Plants
4. Nutritional Profile
5. Starch, Resistant Starch and Blood Sugar
6. Plumule Alkaloids: Neferine and Liensinine
7. Flavonoids and Antioxidant Lab Findings
8. Brain and Nerve Research
9. The Sleep and Calming Claims
10. Other Laboratory and Animal Findings
11. Buying, Storing and Preparing
12. Amounts Used in Studies
13. Who the Research Raises Cautions For
14. Connections
15. Key Research Papers
16. Featured Videos

History and Traditional Use

The sacred lotus has been eaten and used as medicine in Asia for thousands of years. Reviews of the plant describe every part — leaf, flower, stamen, seed and the underground stem (the rhizome, sold as lotus root) — as being used for food or for medicine, and list traditional uses ranging from fever, cough and diarrhoea to bleeding disorders and excessive thirst (Sahu 2024, PMID 38327030). A broad 2024 review of the plant's cultural, ecological and food significance describes the rhizomes and seeds as the nutritionally important parts and notes their extensive use in cooking (Yang 2024, PMID 38647851).

In Chinese cooking the seed is called lian zi. It appears in sweet dessert soups with lily bulb, red dates (jujube) and rock sugar, in savoury soups with pork or chicken, in eight-treasure rice and congee, and above all as lotus seed paste, the classic filling of Mid-Autumn Festival mooncakes. In Vietnam the seeds go into the sweet soup chè hạt sen. In India the fresh seeds are eaten raw from the seed head, and dried seeds are cooked into sweet and savoury dishes; this is also where the confusion with makhana is greatest (see below).

A Taiwanese hospital diet tested in a 2008 trial shows how the seed is still used: a traditional “tonic vegetable soup” made of lily bulb, Nelumbo seed and jujube fruit served as the food base for patients (Wu 2008, PMID 18364321; the results are described under Amounts Used in Studies).

The bitter green embryo, removed from the seed and dried, is sold separately as lian zi xin (“lotus seed heart”). It is described in the research literature as a traditional food and medicine widely used in China (He 2023, PMID 36596118). A review of its main alkaloid, neferine, notes its traditional use for high fevers and poor sleep (Bharathi Priya 2021, PMID 34779018).

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The Plant, the Seed and the Bitter Green Heart

The lotus flower is followed by a flat-topped, shower-head-shaped seed pod. Each hole in the pod holds one hard, olive-sized seed (botanically a small nut-like fruit). Fresh green seeds are soft and mildly sweet, a little like a fresh chestnut or young pea. As they mature and dry they become very hard and are sold peeled (white or ivory) or with the reddish-brown skin still on. Lotus is not a water lily: although it looks like one, botanists place it in its own small family, the Nelumbonaceae.

A seed has three parts that matter to the reader:

• The seed coat — the thin brown skin, removed for most white-seed products.
• The cotyledons — the two white halves that make up almost all of the seed. They are mostly starch with some protein, and are what is eaten as food and ground into paste.
• The plumule (embryo) — the small green shoot running through the centre. It is bitter, and it is where most of the seed's alkaloids and flavonoids are concentrated. Many cooks push it out before cooking; others leave it in or buy it separately as a tea.

The famous long-lived seeds

Sacred lotus seeds are among the longest-lived seeds known. A 1995 study in the American Journal of Botany reported that seeds recovered from a dried lake bed in north-eastern China germinated and grew, and radiocarbon dating put one of the germinated seeds at roughly 1,300 years old (Shen-Miller et al. 1995). A later report by the same group described centuries-old seeds from the same region sprouting, with some of the seedlings showing abnormal growth (Scientific American, 2002). Laboratory work continues on why these seeds age so slowly: a 2023 study artificially aged lotus seeds and measured some 4,000 proteins in the plumule, finding that proteins tied to antioxidant defence, DNA and RNA stability and membrane stability rose under ageing stress (He 2023, PMID 36174953). That is plant biology — it says nothing about effects on the people who eat the seed.

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Lotus Seeds and Makhana: Two Different Plants

The white, popcorn-like snack sold as makhana, fox nut, gorgon nut or — confusingly — “puffed lotus seed” is usually not lotus at all. It is the popped seed of Euryale ferox, a prickly water lily in the family Nymphaeaceae, grown mainly in India (especially the wetlands of north Bihar), China, Japan and Korea (Kapoor 2022, PMID 36183158; Jha 2018, PMID 30091404). Makhana “pops” are made by roasting the seeds and cracking them so the starchy kernel puffs out (Jha 2018, PMID 30091404).

A third plant adds to the confusion. A Sri Lankan glycaemic-index study tested “Olu” milk rice made from the seeds of Nymphaea lotus, the white Egyptian water lily — again not the sacred lotus. That dish was classed as high-GI (GI 91, measured against white bread) (Widanagamage 2009, PMID 19418327).

Because product labels and even some articles use “lotus seed” loosely, this page states which plant each study used. Findings on makhana do not automatically apply to sacred lotus seed, or the reverse.

What the makhana research covers

Reviews describe Euryale ferox seed as a source of carbohydrate, protein, fibre, minerals and polyphenols, and list reported antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, anti-fatigue and liver-protective activities (Kapoor 2022, PMID 36183158); these are summaries of mostly laboratory and animal work, and the review itself is framed around promoting the crop. One minireview describes makhana as having a high amino-acid index and a low glycaemic value (Jha 2018, PMID 30091404). An Indian food-engineering study treated popped makhana flour with an enzyme and raised its resistant-starch content, which slowed glucose release in a test-tube digestion model (Biswas 2020, PMID 32241435) — a processing result, not a human trial.

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Nutritional Profile

The figures below come from the USDA FoodData Central database: Seeds, lotus seeds, raw (FDC 168591) and Seeds, lotus seeds, dried (FDC 170149). Raw (fresh) seeds are about three-quarters water, so per gram they carry roughly a quarter of the nutrients of dried seeds. The 28 g (1 oz) column is calculated from the dried values. Daily-value shares use the US adult Daily Values on food labels and are rounded.

Macronutrients

The USDA entries do not report dietary fibre or sugars for lotus seeds, so no figure is given here. The fat is small in amount and mostly polyunsaturated linoleic acid (1.06 g of 1.97 g in dried seeds).

Minerals

Vitamins

Vitamin C, vitamin B12 and vitamin D are listed as zero, and vitamin A is a trace.

What stands out

Dried lotus seeds are a low-fat, starchy seed — nutritionally closer to a dried bean or chestnut than to the oily seeds such as sesame or sunflower. In the USDA figures they stand out for potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and manganese, plus thiamin. Their protein (15.4 g per 100 g dried) includes all the essential amino acids, with glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine and leucine the most abundant in the USDA amino-acid listing. Most cooked recipes rehydrate the seed, so a bowl of lotus seed soup contains far less per spoonful than the dried figures suggest; sweet paste and candied seeds add large amounts of sugar and often fat.

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Starch, Resistant Starch and Blood Sugar

Starch is the main thing a lotus seed is made of, and it is the one area with a human study of the seed as eaten. Food scientists describe lotus seeds as a starch source with a high apparent amylose content (Chen 2023, PMID 37257534). Amylose is the straight-chain form of starch; it packs tightly and tends to be digested more slowly than the branched form, amylopectin. A starch fraction that escapes digestion in the small intestine altogether and is fermented by gut bacteria in the colon is called resistant starch.

The human trial

In a randomised crossover trial in China, ten healthy adults ate several pre-soaked, home-style cooked starchy foods on separate days: dried lily bulb, lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera), adlay, waxy black rice, millet and adzuki bean, each cooked for two different times. Lotus seed and adzuki bean were the only foods that produced a low glycaemic index (GI 21–51), while the others did not differ significantly from white rice (GI 83–109). In parallel test-tube digestion, lotus seed and adzuki bean also released their sugar more slowly. The authors noted that pre-soaking raised rapidly digestible starch and lowered resistant starch, and that cooking method matters (Zhu 2019, PMID 30875961).

That is a single small, short-term study of blood-sugar response after one meal in healthy people. It does not show what eating lotus seeds regularly does to long-term blood sugar, HbA1c or diabetes risk; no such trial was found. Lotus seed paste, which is cooked down with sugar, is a different food from plain boiled seeds.

Laboratory starch research

• Starch structure. Lotus seed amylopectin has chain lengths between those of maize and potato starch (average 19.95 glucose units) (Chen 2023, PMID 37257534).
• Processing changes digestibility. Heat-moisture treatment combined with ultrasound raised the resistant-starch fraction of isolated lotus seed starch in a test-tube digestion model (Chandak 2024, PMID 39182880).
• Starch and protein together. Heating lotus seed starch with lotus seed protein produced granules wrapped in protein aggregates that swelled less (Liu 2022, PMID 36230010) — a food-processing finding with no health outcome measured.

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Plumule Alkaloids: Neferine and Liensinine

Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds, many of which act strongly on the body (caffeine and morphine are alkaloids). The lotus plant makes several families of them. The ones concentrated in the green seed embryo are bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids — chiefly neferine, liensinine and isoliensinine (Meng 2022, PMID 35762411; Bharathi Priya 2021, PMID 34779018). A different alkaloid, nuciferine, is mainly a leaf compound; for example, mouse work on nuciferine and fatty liver used the leaf alkaloid (Zhang 2018, PMID 30129056). Leaf research is not seed research.

A 2021 review of neferine collects reported effects in cell and animal models: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, blood-pressure-lowering, anti-arrhythmic (steadying heart rhythm), anti-platelet and anti-clotting, anti-amnesic, anti-anxiety, and a “negative inotropic” effect (weakening the force of heart contraction), along with anti-cancer activity in cell lines and an ability to make cancer cells more sensitive to chemotherapy drugs (Bharathi Priya 2021, PMID 34779018). A larger 2023 review of all lotus alkaloids reached a sober conclusion: their bioavailability in the body is relatively low, and their clinical efficacy and safety remain unclear, so larger and longer human trials are needed (Wang 2023, PMID 34845950).

Put plainly: the embryo is pharmacologically interesting, but none of the alkaloid findings in this pack come from human trials of the seed or of the plumule tea.

Developmental studies show the plumule builds up its secondary compounds late in seed maturation. One metabolomics study identified 767 compounds in maturing plumules, of which about 27% were flavonoids and 8% alkaloids, with most accumulating after day 18 after pollination (He 2023, PMID 36596118).

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Flavonoids and Antioxidant Lab Findings

Flavonoids are the large family of plant pigments found in tea, onions and berries. Lotus seed embryos contain them too. One analysis identified sixteen flavonoids in lotus seed embryos, mostly flavonoid C-glycosides (flavonoids with a sugar attached by a carbon bond), and found their antioxidant activity in chemical tests comparable to or higher than that of lotus leaf flavonoids, even though total flavonoid content was lower than in the leaf (Zhu 2017, PMID 28631810). A second study reported that plumule flavonoids scavenged free radicals in test-tube assays and lowered inflammatory signals such as nitric oxide, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and identified twelve components that bind the inflammatory enzyme COX-2 (Chen 2019, PMID 30502207).

Antioxidant scores in a test tube measure chemistry, not health effects in the body. These studies were done on extracted fractions of the embryo; they do not show that eating lotus seeds changes inflammation or oxidative stress in people.

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Brain and Nerve Research

The lotus embryo alkaloids have drawn attention in Alzheimer's disease research because earlier reports suggested liensinine and neferine inhibit acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme that breaks down the memory messenger acetylcholine) and cross the blood–brain barrier (Wu 2023, PMID 37891552). The studies so far:

• Cell culture. Liensinine, isoliensinine and neferine improved survival of PC12 nerve-like cells exposed to amyloid-β (the protein that forms Alzheimer's plaques), lowered calcium overload and reactive oxygen species, and reduced tau protein phosphorylation (Meng 2022, PMID 35762411).
• Cells and worms. In human neuroblastoma cells carrying an Alzheimer's gene mutation and in genetically modified Caenorhabditis elegans roundworms, liensinine and neferine reduced amyloid- and tau-induced toxicity and switched on autophagy (the cell's clean-up system) genes (Wu 2023, PMID 37891552).
• Mice, starch complex. A lotus seed starch–chlorogenic acid complex given to mice with chemically induced chronic colitis improved gut inflammation and behaviour tied to cognition, alongside changes in gut bacteria and their metabolites (Wang 2025, PMID 40947251). This was a laboratory-made complex, not plain lotus seed.

No human trial in the pack tested lotus seeds or their alkaloids for memory, dementia or nerve health.

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The Sleep and Calming Claims

Lotus seed, and especially the bitter plumule tea, is widely described in traditional Chinese practice as calming and helpful for sleep. A review of neferine records its traditional use for “hyposomnia” (poor or too little sleep) and reports anti-anxiety effects in animal models (Bharathi Priya 2021, PMID 34779018). The plumule also contains serotonin among its many metabolites (He 2023, PMID 36596118); no study in the pack measured whether eating the plumule changes serotonin in the body.

The evidence status, stated plainly: the sleep reputation rests on tradition and on animal and laboratory work. No randomised human trial of lotus seeds or plumule tea for insomnia was found in the reviewed literature. The site's Sacred Lotus: Sleep, Calm and the Alkaloids page covers the herb-side research in more depth.

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Other Laboratory and Animal Findings

Several more studies used lotus seed compounds or formulas. Each is early-stage work:

• Skin inflammation (cells and mice). Purified neferine lowered inflammatory signals in human skin cells and, in mice with chemically induced atopic-dermatitis-like skin damage, reduced scratching, skin thickening and water loss through the skin (Yang 2021, PMID 34361003). Human eczema has not been tested.
• Diabetic kidney damage (mice and cells). A multi-herb traditional Chinese formula named after lotus seed, given by tube to diabetic mice for 12 weeks, improved blood glucose and kidney tissue damage; the compounds the authors linked to the effect (baicalin, wogonoside and others) come from other herbs in the formula (Xie 2024, PMID 39541663). The result cannot be attributed to the seed itself.
• Bone cells. Calcium-binding peptides made by enzyme-digesting lotus seed protein increased bone-forming activity in mouse stem cells and improved calcium transport across a gut-cell layer in culture (Jasmadi 2025, PMID 40912421).
• General reviews. Reviews of the whole plant list anticancer, liver-protective, antioxidant, antiviral, lipid-lowering, anti-obesity, blood-sugar-lowering and antimicrobial activities, and state that these come from in-vivo (animal) and in-vitro (laboratory) screening (Sahu 2024, PMID 38327030; Yang 2024, PMID 38647851).

One human trial on lotus involved the leaf, not the seed: a 12-week randomised double-blind trial in 60 overweight adults found that an extract of sun-dried lotus leaves reduced whole-body fat compared with control, and in men also reduced visceral fat and waist size (Ye 2022, PMID 34852695). It is included here only so the result is not mistaken for a seed finding.

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Buying, Storing and Preparing

• Forms. Dried lotus seeds are sold whole or split, white (skinned) or with the brown skin, with or without the green embryo. Fresh seeds are sold in the pod in summer in Asian markets. Lotus seed paste is sold sweetened, often with added oil; canned and candied seeds are sweetened too. Plumule “lotus heart” tea is sold separately.
• Telling them apart from makhana. Lotus seeds are oval, hard and dense; makhana is round, light and puffed, like popcorn.
• Storage. Dried seeds are low in fat (about 2 g per 100 g), so they are less prone to going rancid than oily seeds; they are usually kept airtight, dry and cool.
• Cooking. Dried seeds are traditionally soaked and then simmered until soft for soups, congee and desserts, or cooked and mashed for paste. The Zhu 2019 trial noted that pre-soaking shifted starch towards the rapidly digestible kind, so preparation changes the blood-sugar response (Zhu 2019, PMID 30875961).
• The embryo. Cooks who want a mild, sweet dish usually push out the green centre with a toothpick; it is the source of the bitterness.

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Amounts Used in Studies

There are almost no human dose data for lotus seeds. The available figures:

• Glycaemic trial. The Zhu 2019 crossover trial served lotus seeds as single test meals to ten healthy adults, measuring blood sugar afterwards; it was a one-meal test, not a daily intake study (Zhu 2019, PMID 30875961).
• Hospice soup trial. In a Taiwanese trial in 2,466 terminal cancer patients, one group received analgesic herbs (paeony root and licorice root) plus a tonic soup of lily bulb, Nelumbo seed and jujube for one week; a control group received the same soup without the herbs, and a reference group ate the regular hospital diet. Pain relief was better in the herbs-plus-soup group than in both other groups (Wu 2008, PMID 18364321). Since the soup-only group did not match it, the trial does not show a pain effect of lotus seed.
• Animal and cell doses. Doses in the alkaloid, starch-complex and formula studies above (for example 2 g/kg of starch complex in mice) do not translate into amounts of seed a person would eat.

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Who the Research Raises Cautions For

• People on potassium or phosphorus restriction. Dried lotus seeds are high in both, at 1,368 mg potassium and 626 mg phosphorus per 100 g in the USDA data. These figures matter most for people with advanced kidney disease whose diets are managed for these minerals.
• People who take heart-rhythm, blood-pressure or blood-thinning medicines. Laboratory and animal studies report that neferine, from the embryo, has anti-platelet, anti-clotting, anti-arrhythmic, blood-pressure-lowering and heart-contraction-weakening effects (Bharathi Priya 2021, PMID 34779018). There are no human interaction studies, and the relevance is greatest for concentrated plumule teas and extracts rather than cooked seeds with the embryo removed.
• People on cancer treatment. Cell studies report that neferine changes how cancer cells respond to chemotherapy drugs (Bharathi Priya 2021, PMID 34779018); human data are absent.
• Extracts and supplements in general. The 2023 review of lotus alkaloids states that their clinical efficacy and safety remain unclear (Wang 2023, PMID 34845950). There is no good safety data on long-term use of concentrated lotus seed or plumule extracts, or on use in pregnancy.
• People managing blood sugar. The low glycaemic response in the one human trial was for plainly cooked seeds; sweetened lotus seed paste and candied seeds carry substantial added sugar. See Blood Sugar.
• Mistaken identity. Products sold as “lotus seed” may be makhana (Euryale ferox), and research on one plant does not transfer to the other.

Decisions about medicines and concentrated herbal products belong with a clinician.

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Connections

• Seeds — all seed pages
• Sacred Lotus — the plant as a herb: leaf, flower and plumule
• Sacred Lotus: Which Part, Which Effect
• Sacred Lotus: Sleep, Calm and the Alkaloids
• Sacred Lotus: Dosing, Interactions and Safety
• Resistant Starches — the starch that reaches the colon
• Blood Sugar
• Potassium — 1,368 mg per 100 g dried
• Magnesium
• Manganese — about a day's value per 100 g dried
• Phosphorus
• Insomnia
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Kidney Disease
• Chia Seeds
• Basil Seeds

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Key Research Papers

1. Zhu R, Fan Z, Han Y, et al. Acute Effects of Three Cooked Non-Cereal Starchy Foods on Postprandial Glycemic Responses and in Vitro Carbohydrate Digestion in Comparison with Whole Grains: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):634. PubMed PMID: 30875961
2. Wu TH, Chiu TY, Tsai JS, et al. Effectiveness of Taiwanese traditional herbal diet for pain management in terminal cancer patients. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2008;17(1):17-22. PubMed PMID: 18364321
3. Widanagamage RD, Ekanayake S, Welihinda J. Carbohydrate-rich foods: glycaemic indices and the effect of constituent macronutrients. International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2009;60 Suppl 4:215-23. PubMed PMID: 19418327
4. Ye L, Wang X, Konno T, et al. Fat reducing effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract in overweight patients. Natural product research. 2022;36(18):4776-4781. PubMed PMID: 34852695
5. Wang Z, Li Y, Ma D, et al. Alkaloids from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): recent advances in biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, bioactivity, safety, and industrial applications. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2023;63(21):4867-4900. PubMed PMID: 34845950
6. Bharathi Priya L, Huang CY, Hu RM, et al. An updated review on pharmacological properties of neferine-A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from Nelumbo nucifera. Journal of food biochemistry. 2021;45(12):e13986. PubMed PMID: 34779018
7. Sahu B, Sahu M, Sahu M, et al. An Updated Review on Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn: Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value and Pharmacological Activities. Chemistry & biodiversity. 2024;21(5):e202301493. PubMed PMID: 38327030
8. Yang H, He S, Feng Q, et al. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): a multidisciplinary review of its cultural, ecological, and nutraceutical significance. Bioresources and bioprocessing. 2024;11(1):18. PubMed PMID: 38647851
9. Chen C, Li G, Corke H, et al. Molecular structure of lotus seed amylopectins and their beta-limit dextrins. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2023;242(Pt 4):125105. PubMed PMID: 37257534
10. Chandak A, Dhull SB, Chawla P, et al. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera G.) seed starch: Understanding the impact of physical modification sequence (ultrasonication and HMT) on properties and in vitro digestibility. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2024;278(Pt 4):135032. PubMed PMID: 39182880
11. Liu S, Chen W, Zhang C, et al. Structural, Thermal and Pasting Properties of Heat-Treated Lotus Seed Starch-Protein Mixtures. Foods (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;11(19):2933. PubMed PMID: 36230010
12. Meng XL, Liu SY, Xue JS, et al. Protective effects of Liensinine, Isoliensinine, and Neferine on PC12 cells injured by amyloid-β. Journal of food biochemistry. 2022;46(10):e14303. PubMed PMID: 35762411
13. Wu MC, Gao YH, Zhang C, et al. Liensinine and neferine exert neuroprotective effects via the autophagy pathway in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC complementary medicine and therapies. 2023;23(1):386. PubMed PMID: 37891552
14. Wang X, Wang S, Zheng B, et al. Lotus seed starch-chlorogenic acid complexes alleviated chronic colitis and linked cognitive dysfunction via gut microbiota regulation: gut-brain-axis interaction. Carbohydrate polymers. 2025;368(Pt 2):124158. PubMed PMID: 40947251
15. Zhu M, Liu T, Zhang C, et al. Flavonoids of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seed Embryos and Their Antioxidant Potential. Journal of food science. 2017;82(8):1834-1841. PubMed PMID: 28631810
16. Chen GL, Fan MX, Wu JL, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids from lotus plumule. Food chemistry. 2019;277:706-712. PubMed PMID: 30502207
17. He D, Rao X, Deng J, et al. Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses investigates the accumulation of secondary metabolites in maturing seed plumule of sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2023;163:112172. PubMed PMID: 36596118
18. He D, Cai M, Liu M, et al. TMT-based quantitative proteomic and physiological analyses on lotus plumule of artificially aged seed in long-living sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera. Journal of proteomics. 2023;270:104736. PubMed PMID: 36174953
19. Yang CC, Hung YL, Ko WC, et al. Effect of Neferine on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in HaCaT Cells and BALB/c Mice. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(15):8237. PubMed PMID: 34361003
20. Xie J, Lin H, Jin F, et al. Jia Wei Qingxin Lotus Seed Drink ameliorates epithelial mesenchymal transition injury in diabetic kidney disease via inhibition of JMJD1C/SP1/ZEB1 signaling pathway. Phytomedicine. 2024;135:156142. PubMed PMID: 39541663
21. Jasmadi, Je JY. Lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera) protein-derived calcium-binding peptides: Isolation, characterization, and osteogenic effect. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2025;327(Pt 2):147326. PubMed PMID: 40912421
22. Zhang C, Deng J, Liu D, et al. Nuciferine ameliorates hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet/streptozocin-induced diabetic mice through a PPARα/PPARγ coactivator-1α pathway. British journal of pharmacology. 2018;175(22):4218-4228. PubMed PMID: 30129056
23. Kapoor S, Kaur A, Kaur R, et al. Euryale ferox, a prominent superfood: Nutritional, pharmaceutical, and its economical importance. Journal of food biochemistry. 2022;46(12):e14435. PubMed PMID: 36183158
24. Jha V, Shalini R, Kumari A, et al. Aquacultural, Nutritional and Therapeutic Biology of Delicious Seeds of Euryale ferox Salisb. : A Minireview. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology. 2018;19(7):545-555. PubMed PMID: 30091404
25. Biswas P, Das M, Boral S, et al. Enzyme mediated resistant starch production from Indian Fox Nut (Euryale ferox) and studies on digestibility and functional properties. Carbohydrate polymers. 2020;237:116158. PubMed PMID: 32241435

PubMed Topic Searches

1. Lotus seed and glycaemic response
2. Lotus plumule alkaloids (neferine, liensinine)
3. Lotus seed and sleep
4. Lotus seed resistant starch
5. Euryale ferox (makhana, fox nut)
6. Sacred lotus seed longevity

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