Hemp Seeds: Heart and Blood Pressure

Table of Contents

1. Four Products, Four Different Questions
2. What Hemp Seed Brings to the Heart Question
3. Hemp Seed Oil and Cholesterol in Adults
4. The Children's Lipid Trial: a Null Result
5. Whole Hemp Foods in Adults With Overweight
6. Hemp Seed Capsules and Exercise
7. Hemp Protein Versus Casein in High Blood Pressure
8. Platelets and Clotting
9. Hypertensive Rats and Hemp Peptides
10. Hearts Under Ischaemia: the Animal Work
11. A Test-Tube Effect Is Not a Blood-Pressure Effect
12. Arginine and Magnesium: Plausible, Untested
13. Hemp Beside Flax and Other Oils
14. What Is Not Known
15. Who the Research Raises Cautions For
16. Connections
17. Key Research Papers
18. Featured Videos

Four Products, Four Different Questions

"Hemp" in a heart study can mean very different things, and a result for one does not carry over to the others:

• Whole or shelled hemp seed ("hemp hearts") — the food itself, with its oil, protein, fibre and minerals together. Tested in people in one small crossover trial of hemp food products and, in capsule form at 2 g a day, in one exercise trial.
• Hemp seed oil — the pressed fat only, without the protein or minerals. Tested on blood lipids in three trials, at doses from 2 g to 30 ml a day.
• Hemp seed protein — a powder made from the seed meal left after the oil is pressed out. Tested on blood pressure in one trial, at 50 g of protein a day.
• Hemp protein hydrolysates and peptides — protein broken into short fragments by digestive or industrial enzymes. Tested in test tubes and in rats, and as a 5 g daily add-on in the same blood-pressure trial.

The animal studies add a fifth category: feed in which ground hemp seed makes up 5 to 10% of the whole diet. Each section below says which product was used.

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What Hemp Seed Brings to the Heart Question

According to the USDA FoodData Central entry for hulled hemp seed (FDC ID 170148), 100 g provides about 553 kcal, 31.6 g of protein and 48.8 g of fat, of which 38.1 g is polyunsaturated and 4.6 g saturated. The polyunsaturated part is mostly linoleic acid (27.4 g, an omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid, or ALA (8.7 g, an omega-3), with smaller amounts of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 1.34 g) and stearidonic acid (0.62 g). The same entry lists about 4.5 g of arginine, 700 mg of magnesium, 1,200 mg of potassium and only 5 mg of sodium per 100 g. The full table is on the Hemp Seeds nutrient profile.

A 2025 review of hemp seed and cardiovascular health lists the parts that make it biologically interesting: high-quality plant protein, an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio close to 3:1, and "a variety of bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, phytosterols, and polyphenols" (Kaçar 2025). Each of these has its own possible route to the heart and blood vessels:

• Unsaturated fat in place of saturated fat is the best-established dietary route to lower LDL cholesterol in general.
• ALA, the plant omega-3, has its own literature on lipids and blood pressure (see Hemp Beside Flax).
• GLA is the fat that one rabbit study linked to calmer platelets (see Platelets).
• Protein fragments released during digestion can block two enzymes that raise blood pressure, renin and ACE, at least in laboratory tests and in rats.
• Arginine and magnesium are both involved in how blood vessels relax.

The same review is careful about what this adds up to: preclinical studies suggest hemp seed "can improve lipid profiles, reduce blood pressure, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, though clinical evidence remains limited and findings from animal models may not directly translate to human cardiovascular benefits" (Kaçar 2025). An earlier review by the Manitoba group that did much of the animal work said the same in 2010: hemp seed has "surprisingly little research published on its physiological effects", and the recent studies were "mostly in animals" (Rodriguez-Leyva 2010).

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Hemp Seed Oil and Cholesterol in Adults

Two adult trials of hemp seed oil measured blood lipids directly.

Hemp oil versus flaxseed oil, Finland, 2006

Fourteen healthy volunteers took 30 ml a day of hemp seed oil and 30 ml a day of flaxseed oil, four weeks each, in random order, with four weeks off in between. The trial was double-blind: neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew which oil was which. The oils did what their make-up predicts to the fatty acids in the blood: hemp oil raised linoleic acid and GLA, flax oil raised ALA. But for the numbers that matter to the heart, the authors reported "no significant differences" between the periods in fasting total or lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, insulin or clotting factors. The ratio of total to HDL cholesterol was lower after hemp oil than after flax oil, but with P = 0.065 that difference did not reach the usual threshold for statistical significance (Schwab 2006). Thirty millilitres is about two tablespoons of oil a day.

Fish oil, flaxseed oil and hemp seed oil, Canada, 2008

In a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 86 healthy men and women took two 1 g capsules a day of placebo, fish oil, flaxseed oil or hemp seed oil. Fish oil raised the long-chain omega-3 fats EPA and DHA, as expected. Hemp seed oil "did not significantly alter the concentration of any plasma fatty acid". Total, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides did not differ among the four groups; nor did oxidation of LDL, platelet clumping or inflammatory markers. The authors concluded that two capsules of any of these oils "may not provide the desired or expected result over a 3 month period" (Kaul 2008).

The obvious explanation is dose: 2 g of oil is about half a teaspoon and supplies well under 1 g of ALA. The Finnish trial used roughly fourteen times as much and still found no clear change in fasting cholesterol.

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The Children's Lipid Trial: a Null Result

The only hemp trial in a group with a diagnosed lipid disorder was done in Italy in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidaemia — high blood cholesterol or triglycerides that runs in the family rather than coming from another illness. Thirty-six young people aged 6 to 16, all already following a diet for their condition, were randomised for eight weeks either to 3 g of hemp seed oil a day (providing 1.4 g of linoleic acid and 0.7 g of ALA) or to a control group; both groups received dietary guidance (Del Bo' 2019).

• What changed: the fatty acids in the children's red blood cells. Total omega-3 and omega-6 rose, saturated and monounsaturated fats fell, and the omega-3 index rose by about 1.2 percentage points.
• What did not change: the blood lipid profile. In the authors' words, the oil "failed to affect the serum lipid profile compared to the control group".

The title of the paper states the finding plainly: the oil "improves the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and the omega-3 index, but does not affect the lipid profile". The authors describe it as a pilot study and call for larger controlled trials. It is a small, short trial at a modest dose, so it does not rule out an effect at higher intakes — but it is a null result for cholesterol, and it is the only pediatric evidence there is.

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Whole Hemp Foods in Adults With Overweight

The most recent trial, published in 2026, tested hemp food products rather than an isolated oil. Thirty adults aged 18 to 65 with a body-mass index of 25 to 35 and normal blood sugar ate hemp products for four weeks and matched control products for four weeks, in random order, double-blind. The abstract describes hemp seeds and oil as the foods of interest but does not give the daily amount (She 2026).

The blood fatty acids again tracked the food: ALA, GLA and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (a fat the body makes from GLA) rose in plasma, and ALA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and EPA rose in red blood cells. But "no differences in serum lipid levels, glucose and insulin concentrations, blood pressure, or body composition were observed between treatments". The authors summarise that hemp products changed blood fatty acids "without showing differences in major cardiometabolic risk factors" (She 2026).

Taken with the oil trials, this is a consistent pattern: hemp reliably changes which fats circulate in the blood, and in four to twelve weeks it has not measurably changed cholesterol, triglycerides or, in this trial, blood pressure.

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Hemp Seed Capsules and Exercise

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Iran randomised 48 sedentary young men to one of four groups: hemp seed capsules (two 1 g capsules a day), hemp seed plus aerobic exercise three times a week, exercise plus placebo, or placebo alone. In the hemp-only group, HDL cholesterol rose compared with the men's own starting values. The combination of hemp and exercise changed weight, body-mass index, fat mass and HDL compared with baseline. At the end of the study, fat mass, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and the brain growth factor BDNF differed between the groups (Mohammadrezaei 2022).

Two cautions apply when reading it. First, a change from a person's own baseline is weaker evidence than a difference from the placebo group, because it can reflect seasonal change, other diet shifts or chance. Second, the abstract does not separate how much of the between-group difference belongs to hemp and how much to exercise, which on its own changed weight, fat mass and triglycerides. Two grams a day is also a very small amount of seed — less than a teaspoon.

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Hemp Protein Versus Casein in High Blood Pressure

The single positive human trial on blood pressure tested hemp seed protein powder, not seeds or oil. It was run at the University of Manitoba and registered in advance (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03508895) (Samsamikor 2024).

Design

• Who: 35 adults with mild hypertension — systolic pressure (the top number) between 130 and 160 mmHg and diastolic (the bottom number) no higher than 110 mmHg.
• What: three six-week periods in random order, with two-week breaks between them: 50 g a day of casein (a milk protein, used as the comparison), 50 g a day of hemp seed protein, or 45 g of hemp seed protein plus 5 g of hemp-derived bioactive peptides.
• How measured: 24-hour blood pressure, which averages readings across a day and night rather than relying on a single clinic reading, plus blood markers of the blood-pressure system.
• Blinding: double-blind crossover — each person took all three treatments and served as their own comparison.

Results

• With hemp protein plus peptides, 24-hour systolic pressure fell from 135.1 to 128.1 mmHg and diastolic from 80.0 to 76.0 mmHg, compared with casein.
• With hemp protein alone, the values were 133.5 and 78.9 mmHg — a smaller fall, also reported as statistically significant against casein.
• Both hemp treatments lowered blood ACE and renin activity and raised nitric oxide compared with casein. The two hemp treatments did not differ from each other on those blood markers.

The authors conclude that hemp protein, alone or with the peptides, "may have a role in the dietary management of hypertension". The trial abstract states that, to the authors' knowledge, this had not been tested in humans before (Samsamikor 2024).

Reading it carefully

• It is one trial, in 35 people, over six weeks per treatment. No second group has yet repeated it.
• The comparison is casein, not nothing. The result shows hemp protein lowered pressure relative to an equal amount of milk protein.
• The dose is large. At 31.6 g of protein per 100 g of hulled seed (USDA), 50 g of hemp protein corresponds to roughly 160 g of hemp hearts a day — over five times the 30 g serving on most packages and close to 900 kcal. The trial used a protein isolate precisely so that this much protein could be given without the fat.
• The biggest effect came with added peptides, a processed ingredient made in a laboratory, not a food on a shop shelf.

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Platelets and Clotting

Platelets are the small blood cells that clump together to plug a cut; when they clump too readily inside an artery they help form the clots behind heart attacks and strokes. The platelet-function animation shows the process.

In people

Both adult oil trials measured clotting and found nothing. The Finnish trial (30 ml of oil a day) found no significant differences in "haemostatic factors" — the blood proteins that govern clotting (Schwab 2006). The Canadian trial (2 g a day for 12 weeks) found no significant change "in collagen or thrombin stimulated platelet aggregation" with any of the oils (Kaul 2008).

In rabbits

A rabbit study from the Manitoba group gave male rabbits one of six diets for eight weeks, including a diet with 0.5% added cholesterol and the same diet with 10% hemp seed. Cholesterol made the platelets clump more readily; adding hemp seed brought clumping back to normal, even though blood cholesterol stayed high. Adding GLA directly to platelets from the cholesterol-fed rabbits in a test tube also blocked the extra clumping, and the authors suggest that GLA from hemp may be part of the explanation (Prociuk 2008). This is an animal study at a feed level far above normal human intake, and the two human trials that measured platelets or clotting factors did not find a change.

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Hypertensive Rats and Hemp Peptides

Much of the blood-pressure interest in hemp protein comes from one research group and one animal model: the spontaneously hypertensive rat, a strain bred to develop high blood pressure as it ages. All of the following are animal or laboratory results.

• Prevention and treatment in rats (2014). Defatted hemp seed meal was digested with pepsin and pancreatin, the main protein-digesting enzymes of the stomach and gut, and the resulting hydrolysate replaced 0.5% or 1% of the casein in the rats' feed. In young rats fed for eight weeks, systolic pressure stayed around 120 mmHg, against a peak of 158 mmHg in casein-fed rats. In adult rats already at about 145 mmHg, four weeks of the diet brought systolic pressure to about 119 mmHg, against 150 mmHg in the controls. Blood ACE activity and renin levels were lower in the hemp-fed rats (Girgih 2014a).
• Oxidative stress in the same model (2014). The same hydrolysate raised the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in the rats' blood and lowered total peroxides, a marker of fat damage by oxidation (Girgih 2014b).
• Different enzymes, different peptides (2015). Hemp seed protein was broken down with six different enzyme treatments, and each hydrolysate was tested in a test tube against renin and ACE, and then given by mouth (200 mg per kg of body weight) to hypertensive rats. The fastest-acting hydrolysate lowered systolic pressure by 32.5 mmHg four hours after the dose; the pepsin hydrolysates gave a smaller but longer-lasting fall of 23.0 mmHg at 24 hours (Malomo 2015).

Reviews of hemp peptides describe the same picture from the laboratory side: peptides from hemp seed protein show ACE-inhibiting, antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering activity in cell and test-tube work, and recent studies have begun to test whether they can cross a layer of intestinal cells at all (Aita 2024; Aguchem 2022). A 2023 review of plant peptides for cardiovascular disease, which covers hempseed among other sources, notes that "only few of them have been tested in vivo" — that is, in a living body (Lammi 2023).

The human trial in the section above was designed directly on the back of this rat work, by the same laboratory. It is the step that turned an animal finding into one human result.

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Hearts Under Ischaemia: the Animal Work

Ischaemia means a part of the body is cut off from its blood supply, as the heart muscle is during a heart attack; reperfusion is the moment blood flow returns, which itself causes damage and dangerous heart rhythms. Two animal studies tested whether a hemp-rich diet protects the heart through that sequence. They point in different directions.

• Rats (2007): partial protection. Forty male rats ate normal chow with 5% or 10% hemp seed, 1% palm oil, or 10% partially defatted hemp seed (the control) for 12 weeks. Their hearts were then removed and put through a period of ischaemia and reperfusion in the laboratory. Hearts from the hemp-fed rats recovered more of their pumping strength and contracted and relaxed faster during reperfusion. They were not protected from extra, irregular beats, and resting tension was no different (Al-Khalifa 2007).
• Rabbits (2006): no protection. Male rabbits ate one of six diets for eight weeks, including 10% hemp seed, with and without added cholesterol. After 30 minutes of global ischaemia and 45 minutes of reperfusion, there were no significant differences in the frequency or duration of ischaemia-related rhythm disturbances. The authors concluded that dietary hemp seed "induced limited beneficial effects" and that the study "does not support the use of dietary hempseed to protect the heart during ischemic insult in this experimental model" (Prociuk 2006).

Neither study involved people, and both used hemp as 5 to 10% of the animals' whole diet.

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A Test-Tube Effect Is Not a Blood-Pressure Effect

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) makes angiotensin II, a hormone that tightens blood vessels and raises blood pressure; renin is the enzyme one step earlier in the same chain. The ACE-inhibitor class of blood-pressure medicines works by blocking ACE. The blood-pressure (RAAS) animation shows how the system fits together.

When a food peptide "inhibits ACE", that usually means it slowed the enzyme in a test tube. Many steps lie between that and lower blood pressure in a person:

1. The peptide has to survive stomach acid and gut enzymes, which break most proteins into single amino acids.
2. It has to cross the gut wall intact — a question laboratory studies of hemp peptides have only recently begun to test (Aita 2024).
3. It has to reach the blood at a high enough level, for long enough, to slow the enzyme in the body.
4. The effect on the enzyme then has to translate into a fall in pressure that a cuff can measure.

The rat studies show that steps 1 to 4 can happen in hypertensive rats with hemp hydrolysates. The 2024 human trial is the only test of the whole chain in people, and it found lower blood ACE activity and lower 24-hour pressure compared with casein (Samsamikor 2024). Laboratory ACE-inhibition figures for hemp peptides, on their own, are not evidence that eating hemp seed lowers blood pressure in people — and the 2026 trial of hemp foods found no change in blood pressure over four weeks (She 2026).

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Arginine and Magnesium: Plausible, Untested

Two nutrients are often cited as reasons hemp seed might help blood pressure. Both are real features of the seed. Neither has been tested as the reason for any hemp result in people.

Arginine

USDA lists about 4.5 g of arginine per 100 g of hulled hemp seed, which is roughly 1.4 g in a 30 g serving. Arginine is the amino acid the lining of blood vessels uses to make nitric oxide, the molecule that relaxes the vessel wall (see the nitric oxide and endothelium animation). The 2024 protein trial found higher blood nitric oxide after both hemp treatments than after casein (Samsamikor 2024), which fits the idea, but the trial was not designed to separate arginine from the peptides or from any other part of the protein. The evidence on arginine itself is on the Arginine: Cardiovascular and Nitric Oxide page.

Magnesium

USDA lists 700 mg of magnesium per 100 g, or about 210 mg in 30 g — half the adult Daily Value. Magnesium helps control the tone of the muscle in blood-vessel walls, and its links to blood pressure are covered on the Magnesium: Heart Health page. Hemp seed is also high in potassium (1,200 mg per 100 g) and very low in sodium (5 mg), a pairing that is studied for blood pressure in its own right (see Potassium and Blood Pressure). How much of the seed's magnesium the body absorbs has not been measured in a hemp-specific study, and no hemp trial has reported magnesium levels or tied a blood-pressure change to them.

These are hypotheses about why hemp might matter, built from what is in the seed. They are not findings about hemp.

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Hemp Beside Flax and Other Oils

Head-to-head with flaxseed. Hemp seed oil and flaxseed oil both carry linoleic acid and ALA, but, as the Finnish authors put it, "almost in opposite ratios": hemp is richer in the omega-6, flax in the omega-3. In the Finnish crossover, the two oils moved blood fatty acids in opposite directions but produced no significant difference in fasting cholesterol (Schwab 2006). The evidence for flaxseed itself, which is considerably larger, is reviewed on Flaxseed: ALA Omega-3 and Heart Health.

Among thirteen oils and fats. A 2018 network meta-analysis pooled 54 randomised trials to compare the effects of thirteen oils and solid fats on blood lipids, with hempseed oil among the fats eligible for inclusion. Safflower oil ranked best for lowering LDL cholesterol, followed by rapeseed oil. The abstract lists ten oils and fats that lowered LDL more than butter; hempseed oil is not among them, and the abstract gives no separate result for it (Schwingshackl 2018). In practice, hemp oil had too few trials to be ranked with confidence.

ALA in general. A 2023 review of alpha-linolenic acid reports that ALA "may favorably affect the values of LDL-C and triglycerides in both adult and pediatric populations", that it has shown protective effects against hypertension, and that a 2009 European Food Safety Authority statement found dietary ALA may contribute to reducing cardiovascular risk (Bertoni 2023). This is evidence about the fatty acid across many foods, not about hemp seed in particular.

Among "superfoods". A 2018 systematic review searched for controlled human trials of seventeen foods marketed as superfoods on metabolic-syndrome markers, including blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, up to April 2017. It found 22 trials for flaxseed, 5 for chia — and 0 for hemp seed (van den Driessche 2018). Every human hemp trial on blood pressure described on this page was published after that search.

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What Is Not Known

• No cardiovascular outcome trial. No study has followed people who eat hemp seed, oil or protein to count heart attacks, strokes or deaths. There are also no large cohort studies of hemp seed eaters of the kind that exist for nuts. Every human result on this page is a short-term risk marker.
• Whether hemp lowers cholesterol at all. Four small trials of hemp oil or hemp foods, lasting 4 to 12 weeks, did not find a clear effect on blood lipids. Whether higher doses or longer use would do so has not been tested.
• Whether the blood-pressure result repeats. One 35-person trial of a protein isolate found lower pressure against casein. It has not been replicated, and it is not known whether the seed eaten as food has a similar effect at ordinary portions.
• Which part does the work. No trial has separated the effect of the peptides, arginine, magnesium, ALA or GLA.
• Long-term safety of the peptide ingredient. The 5 g peptide add-on has been studied for six weeks in one trial.
• Platelets in people at higher risk. The rabbit platelet effect has not been tested in people with high cholesterol; the two human trials that measured clotting were in healthy volunteers.
• Interaction with medicines. No published trial has looked at hemp protein alongside blood-pressure or blood-thinning medicines.

The 2025 review ends with the same call: "there is a need for long-term randomized controlled trials to establish the efficacy and safety of hempseed in diverse populations" (Kaçar 2025).

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Who the Research Raises Cautions For

• People taking blood-pressure medicines. In the one positive trial, 24-hour systolic pressure went from 135.1 to 128.1 mmHg with the peptide-enriched protein, compared with casein. The combination of hemp protein with prescription blood-pressure medicines has not been studied, so how the two add together is unknown. Decisions about blood-pressure treatment belong with a clinician.
• People on blood thinners or with bleeding disorders. The human trials found no change in platelet clumping or clotting factors, and the platelet effect seen in rabbits has not been shown in people. There is no hemp-specific safety data in people taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medicines.
• Calories. Hulled hemp seed provides about 553 kcal per 100 g (USDA). The amounts that would be needed to match some of the doses discussed here — such as the protein in the blood-pressure trial — would add a large number of calories if taken as whole seed rather than as protein powder.
• THC residue. Hemp seed products can carry traces of THC; the hemp-seed extract in a 2025 mouse study contained 0.06% THC (Kwon 2025). Residues, drug testing and legal limits are covered on Hemp Seeds: THC Residue and Safety.

A 2025 cell and mouse study adds one more laboratory lead: an extract of the fat-soluble, non-saponifiable fraction of hemp seed (phytosterols, vitamin E, carotenoids, policosanols and CBD) lowered weight gain, plasma triglycerides and total and LDL cholesterol in mice fed a high-fat diet (Kwon 2025). It is a concentrated extract tested in mice, not the seed tested in people.

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Connections

• Seeds — the seeds section
• Hemp Seeds — the main topic page
• Hemp Seeds — Benefits Deep Dive — the hub for these articles
• Hemp Seeds: Protein and Digestibility — the protein behind the blood-pressure trial
• Hemp Seeds: Omega-3, Omega-6 and GLA — the fatty acids in detail
• Hemp Seeds: THC Residue and Safety
• Hemp Seeds: Nutrient Profile — the USDA table
• Flaxseed: ALA Omega-3 and Heart Health — the seed with the larger evidence base
• Hypertension
• Cholesterol Management
• Atherosclerosis
• Lipid Panel — the numbers these trials measured
• Omega-3 Index
• Arginine: Cardiovascular and Nitric Oxide
• Magnesium: Heart Health
• Potassium and Blood Pressure
• Blood Pressure and the RAAS (animation)
• Platelet Function (animation)

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Key Research Papers

1. Samsamikor M, Mackay DS, Mollard RC, Alashi AM, Aluko RE. Hemp seed protein and its hydrolysate compared with casein protein consumption in adults with hypertension: a double-blind crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;120(1):56-65. PubMed PMID: 38710445
2. She Y, Jia K, Cardillo A, et al. The effect of hemp product consumption on blood fatty acid profiles and cardiovascular disease risk factors: results of a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial. Food Funct. 2026;17(6):2884-2892. PubMed PMID: 41782552
3. Schwab US, Callaway JC, Erkkilä AT, et al. Effects of hempseed and flaxseed oils on the profile of serum lipids, serum total and lipoprotein lipid concentrations and haemostatic factors. Eur J Nutr. 2006;45(8):470-7. PubMed PMID: 17103080
4. Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, et al. A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(1):51-8. PubMed PMID: 18460481
5. Del Bo' C, Deon V, Abello F, et al. Eight-week hempseed oil intervention improves the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and the omega-3 index, but does not affect the lipid profile in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2019;119:469-476. PubMed PMID: 30884679
6. Mohammadrezaei A, Kavakeb A, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M, et al. Effects of hemp seed alone and combined with aerobic exercise on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors in young sedentary men. Journal of food biochemistry. 2022;46(12):e14417. PubMed PMID: 36114824
7. Girgih AT, Alashi A, He R, Malomo S, Aluko RE. Preventive and treatment effects of a hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) meal protein hydrolysate against high blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(5):1237-46. (Rat study.) PubMed PMID: 24292743
8. Girgih AT, Alashi AM, He R, et al. A novel hemp seed meal protein hydrolysate reduces oxidative stress factors in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nutrients. 2014;6(12):5652-66. (Rat study.) PubMed PMID: 25493943
9. Malomo SA, Onuh JO, Girgih AT, Aluko RE. Structural and Antihypertensive Properties of Enzymatic Hemp Seed Protein Hydrolysates. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):7616-32. (Laboratory and rat study.) PubMed PMID: 26378569
10. Prociuk MA, Edel AL, Richard MN, et al. Cholesterol-induced stimulation of platelet aggregation is prevented by a hempseed-enriched diet. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;86(4):153-9. (Rabbit study.) PubMed PMID: 18418423
11. Al-Khalifa A, Maddaford TG, Chahine MN, et al. Effect of dietary hempseed intake on cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292(3):R1198-203. (Rat study.) PubMed PMID: 17122327
12. Prociuk M, Edel A, Gavel N, et al. The effects of dietary hempseed on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2006;11(3):198-205. (Rabbit study.) PubMed PMID: 18651032
13. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Pierce GN. The cardiac and haemostatic effects of dietary hempseed. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010;7:32. PubMed PMID: 20409317
14. Kaçar ÖF, Kose T, Kaya Kaçar H. Dietary hempseed and cardiovascular health: nutritional composition, mechanisms and comparison with other seeds. Frontiers in nutrition. 2025;12:1669375. PubMed PMID: 41132555
15. Schwingshackl L, Bogensberger B, Benčič A, et al. Effects of oils and solid fats on blood lipids: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of lipid research. 2018;59(9):1771-1782. PubMed PMID: 30006369
16. Bertoni C, Abodi M, D'Oria V, et al. Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Cardiovascular Events: A Narrative Review. International journal of molecular sciences. 2023;24(18):14319. PubMed PMID: 37762621
17. van den Driessche JJ, Plat J, Mensink RP. Effects of superfoods on risk factors of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of human intervention trials. Food Funct. 2018;9(4):1944-1966. PubMed PMID: 29557436
18. Lammi C. Plant bioactive peptides for cardiovascular disease prevention. Advances in food and nutrition research. 2023;106:219-239. PubMed PMID: 37722773
19. Aita SE, Montone CM, Taglioni E, et al. Hempseed protein-derived short- and medium-chain peptides and their multifunctional properties. Advances in food and nutrition research. 2024;110:275-325. PubMed PMID: 38906589
20. Aguchem RN, Okagu IU, Okagu OD, et al. A review on the techno-functional, biological, and health-promoting properties of hempseed-derived proteins and peptides. Journal of food biochemistry. 2022;46(7):e14127. PubMed PMID: 35312074
21. Kwon Y, Kim U, Han SB, et al. Anti-obesity effect of unsaponifiable matter from hemp seed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Food & function. 2025;16(21):8418-8430. (Cell and mouse study.) PubMed PMID: 41047880

PubMed Topic Searches

1. PubMed: hempseed and blood pressure
2. PubMed: hempseed oil and blood lipids
3. PubMed: hemp seed protein hydrolysates and blood pressure
4. PubMed: hempseed and platelet aggregation
5. PubMed: hempseed and cardiovascular health

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