Oral Myiasis (Fly Larvae in the Mouth)

Oral myiasis is an infestation of the mouth by fly larvae, better known as maggots, which feed on living or dead tissue, body fluids or food [1]. It is uncommon [2]: an analysis of the English-language medical literature from 1990 to 2020 found 157 published cases [3]. Most of the people affected are medically or socially vulnerable, such as people with neurological or psychiatric disabilities, people with cancer and people living in poverty [2][3].

Treatment combines removal of the larvae, often after applying a substance that suffocates them, with surgical cleaning of the wound, antibiotics and, in many reports, the antiparasitic medicine ivermectin [3][2]. Case reports describe larvae destroying healthy tissue and causing serious bleeding [4], and a 2026 report describes a man who died after larvae moving toward his throat probably blocked his airway [5].

What Oral Myiasis Is
The Flies Involved
Who Is Affected
Where in the Mouth It Occurs
Signs and Symptoms
How Oral Myiasis Is Diagnosed
Treatment
Ivermectin in Oral Myiasis
Oral Myiasis in Children
Myiasis in Cancer and Hospital Patients
Complications and Warning Signs
Prevention as Described in the Reviews
Key Research Papers
Connections
Featured Videos

What Oral Myiasis Is

The word myiasis comes from the Greek word for fly. It means an infestation of a living person or animal by fly larvae, the worm-like stage that hatches from a fly’s egg. It is common in animals and can also occur in people, including in the mouth, when flies lay their eggs in the tissues [6]. The flies belong to the Diptera, the true flies, which have a single pair of wings. Their larvae feed on dead or living tissue, body fluids or food, and cause extensive tissue destruction [7].

Myiasis is more common in regions with a warm and humid climate [4]. A 2014 review calls oral myiasis “fly-blown disease” and notes that, although it is mainly found in the tropics and subtropics, it is also seen in Western countries because of globalization, immigration and global warming [8].

A 2010 report describes two ways flies reach the mouth: a person swallows fly eggs, or a fly lays its eggs directly on a damaged area, such as a toothless stretch of gum or the tissues around the teeth [9]. Larvae can reach their last stage within days. In a 2003 case, the roughly 40 larvae removed from a woman’s upper gums were all in their last stage, probably laid five to seven days earlier [10].

The Flies Involved

Many kinds of fly can cause oral myiasis. In most reports published since 2020 the larvae were not identified to the species level; when they were, they were the Old World screwworm, the housefly and a flesh fly [2].

Screwworms. The New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, of the Americas, and the Old World screwworm, Chrysomya bezziana, of Africa and Asia, are obligate parasites: their larvae need the living flesh of a mammal to develop [10][11][12]. A 2026 review describes them as flies whose larvae “aggressively destroy host tissues” [12]. The New World screwworm’s species name means “man-devourer”. The Old World screwworm was identified in a woman whose mouth lesion had burrowed into her hard palate [13], and it has caused 13 documented cases of myiasis in Iran [14].
Houseflies (Musca domestica) [2], including a housefly subspecies in one case from Egypt [15].
Flesh flies: Sarcophaga ruficornis in a five-month-old baby [16] and Wohlfahrtia magnifica in three cases from Egypt [15].
The green bottle fly, Lucilia sericata, a blow fly, in four cases from Egypt [15] and in a 13-year-old boy in intensive care in Mexico [17].
The sheep bot fly, Oestrus ovis, whose larvae normally live in the noses of sheep and goats, in three Egyptian children and their parents. The authors took this as a sign that the infestation had come from animals [15].

Fly larvae are not the only parasites found in the mouth. A 2025 systematic review (a review that gathers published reports by a fixed, repeatable method) of 95 publications on infestations of the mouth found that the most common parasites were fly larvae and worms such as Gongylonema pulchrum and Dirofilaria [18].

Who Is Affected

Reviews of published cases name the same groups of people again and again:

Disability. Neurological, psychiatric and movement disabilities [3][2], including cerebral palsy, intellectual disability and paralysis of one side of the body (hemiplegia) [7], and severe limitations of movement and mental function [19].
Poor oral hygiene and gum disease [3][2]. The 2003 screwworm case arose in a woman with generalised periodontitis, the gum disease that destroys the tissue and bone holding the teeth [10].
Mouth breathing, especially during sleep [7][20], and lips that cannot close at rest, called lip incompetence [20][3].
Alcoholism [21][7] and other chemical dependence [3].
Old age, frailty and dementia. A 2018 review of 35 published cases of myiasis of the mouth and face in older adults linked weakness, frailty, dementia, mouth sores, lips that could not close, poor oral hygiene and bad breath with the disease [22].
Cancer [2], including open cancer wounds of the head and neck [23].
Wounds, such as the site of a tooth extraction [6], facial injuries [4] and other earlier injuries [3].
Poverty and neglect. Low socioeconomic status and social vulnerability [3][2], weakened immune defences and being unable to keep up proper hygiene [1]. The authors of a 2022 report call such infestations “often a clear sign of neglect” [6].
A hospital stay. In Iran, most hospital-acquired cases have been in intensive care patients [14], and a boy in a Mexican children’s intensive care unit developed larvae in his gums [17].

In the 2021 analysis of 157 cases, 67.5% of patients were male, the average age was 41.9 years, and the countries with the most cases were India (41%) and Brazil (29.5%) [3]. A 2026 review of 14 studies published since 2020 found a slight male majority, patients from a five-month-old baby to a 91-year-old adult, and a neurological, psychiatric or cancer-related condition in most of them [2].

Where in the Mouth It Occurs

In the 2021 analysis, the gums (gingiva) were the most affected site, in 29% of cases, followed by the palate (the roof of the mouth) in 25% and the lip in 21% [3]. The 2026 review found the front of the upper jaw and the palate most often affected [2], as did a 2022 review of 68 cases in children [1].

Single reports also describe larvae on the gum ridge where a tooth had been pulled [6], in a man with a fixed bridge held by dental implants [24], in a sinus cavity [25], and through the gums, lower lip, tongue and soft palate [5].

Signs and Symptoms

A 2014 review lists the symptoms most often reported: pain, swelling, an itchy sensation and a feeling of something moving in the mouth [8]. Case reports add:

a foul smell from the mouth [11][21][5];
swelling of the hard palate with intense pain [11], sudden swelling of the upper lip [21], swelling of the gum lining above the upper teeth [17], or lip swelling that kept a baby from closing his mouth [16];
live maggots emerging from a lesion [13];
ulcers and areas of dead (necrotic) tissue [19][21][16];
bloody discharge from the mouth [5].

How Oral Myiasis Is Diagnosed

The diagnosis usually rests on seeing the larvae. For a 12-year-old boy, “the diagnosis was made on the presence of larvae” [20]; for six patients with facial injuries, it was made after larvae had been extracted [4]. Where myiasis is common, such as in Brazil, the diagnosis is usually quite clear, but it can be challenging for clinicians in other countries when a patient picked up the infestation elsewhere [6]. The authors of a 2021 report wrote that the diagnosis “requires a high index of suspicion”, meaning that the clinician has to think of it [16].

Identifying the fly

Larvae can be sent to a laboratory to identify the species [4]. For a five-month-old baby, the larvae were identified under the microscope and by comparing the sequence of one of their genes with known species. The authors note that similar species are easily confused by traditional identification, and describe this combination as an effective tool for rapid diagnosis [16]. The authors of a report on a debilitated older man called for removing and identifying the maggots as soon as possible, to prevent further tissue damage and bacterial infection [25]. Even so, in most reports published since 2020 the larvae were not identified to the species level [2].

Treatment

A 2023 report notes that no standard treatment protocol can be found in the medical literature [24], and the authors of the 2021 analysis called for one to be established so that treatments can be compared [3]. The 2026 review found treatment “consistently multimodal” [2], and a 2025 systematic review concluded that treatment could benefit from combining surgical removal with medicines [18].

Removing the larvae

The traditional treatment is removal of the larvae one by one, which a 2004 report describes as “painful, distressing, and embarrassing both to the patient and to the dentist” [26]. A 2014 review calls surgical cleaning of the infected tissue, with removal of the maggots, the treatment of choice in most cases [8]. One man had 601 larvae removed in all [27].

Substances applied to the larvae

The 2021 analysis lists “asphyxiating substances”, which suffocate the larvae, among the treatments used [3]. Substances applied in individual reports include turpentine oil, applied so the larvae could be removed by hand [7] or used as a wound dressing [28]; ether on a soaked pad [24]; gentian violet, a purple antiseptic dye [21]; and a 10% phenol preparation (creolin) [4]. In two patients with screwworm larvae, flushing the wounds with the antibacterial nitrofurazone for three days left the maggots in a liquid-filled environment without oxygen. No surgery was needed, both healed uneventfully, and no adverse reactions were seen over two months of follow-up [9].

Surgical cleaning, antibiotics and medicines

Dead tissue is cut away and the wound cleaned, a step called surgical debridement, and most combined treatments include antibiotics [3][2]. After the larvae were cleared, some patients were referred to plastic surgery to repair the damage [21][29]. Antiparasitic medicines, mainly ivermectin, are the other common addition [2]. A 2018 review of 35 cases in older adults found that the preferred treatments were debridement alone or debridement combined with ivermectin [22].

Ivermectin in Oral Myiasis

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic medicine. A 2021 review describes oral ivermectin as “a safe broad spectrum anthelminthic” (a medicine against parasitic worms) and lists the conditions it had been given for in young children, including scabies, lice, worm infections and myiasis [30]. In oral myiasis it has been given by mouth, by injection under the skin and directly on the infested tissue. The reports are case reports, case series and small observational studies, and in most of them ivermectin was one part of a combined treatment [2].

By mouth

2006. A 32-year-old man dependent on alcohol had an extensive area of dead tissue, sudden swelling of the upper lip and a foul smell. Treatment combined gentian violet on the wound, ivermectin 6 mg by mouth, and surgery to remove the larvae and dead tissue. After all the larvae were removed, the swelling and wounds were healing normally, and he was referred to plastic surgery to repair the tissue damage [21].
2011. A woman with an intellectual disability had a lesion of dead tissue burrowing into her hard palate, with three live maggots emerging from it. They were removed with forceps, she was treated with ivermectin by mouth, and the larvae were identified as Old World screwworm. The summary reports no outcome [13].
2014. A 22-year-old man with cerebral palsy and severe intellectual disability was “treated successfully” by removal of the larvae after turpentine oil was applied, and ivermectin by mouth [7].
2020. A 12-year-old boy with cerebral palsy and poor oral hygiene had larvae in the front of the palate. They were removed with a fine clamp (a haemostat), together with ivermectin by mouth. The summary reports no outcome [20].

By mouth and on the tissue: the 2023 crushed-tablet case

An 82-year-old man with a fixed bridge held by dental implants had lesions extending through the space between his cheeks and gums and along the gum ridges on both sides of his upper jaw, and over a large part of his palate, with many larvae. He was first given a single 6 mg dose of ivermectin by mouth and a pad soaked in ether, and the larvae were then surgically removed and the wound cleaned. A crushed 6 mg ivermectin tablet was next applied directly to the tissue for two days, the remaining larvae were again removed, and he received antibiotics through a drip. The authors concluded that ivermectin by mouth and on the tissue, combined with antibiotics and debridement, “proved to be effective” [24].

By injection: six patients after facial injuries

In 2011, doctors reported six patients whose mouths had become infested with New World screwworm larvae after injuries to the face and skull. Treatment consisted of ivermectin injected under the skin (subcutaneously) and a 10% phenol preparation (creolin) applied locally to control the larvae. After 12 days in hospital (give or take one day), no larvae remained in the patients’ mouths and all six were discharged. Healing was uneventful, and no unwanted reactions were seen during treatment. The authors wrote that although the usual treatment is surgical removal of the maggots, drug treatments are “emerging as effective alternatives” [4].

Other reports with ivermectin

These published summaries name ivermectin without saying how it was given:

2004. A patient with cerebral palsy had oral myiasis “treated successfully with ivermectin” [26].
2011. A malnourished, dehydrated and extremely weak 72-year-old man had a face and mouth wound colonized by larvae. The larvae were removed surgically first, but two days later some were still present, so 12 mg of ivermectin was given. By the end of treatment 601 larvae had been removed, and the authors judged the treatment suitable [27].
2015. A disabled patient had New World screwworm larvae in two ulcers, 2 cm across in the upper jaw and 6 cm across in the lower jaw. After 45 maggots were removed at examination and 75 under general anaesthesia, ivermectin, the antibiotic clindamycin and the pain reliever dipyrone were prescribed, and the patient stayed in hospital for three days. Seven days after surgery no maggots were seen [19].
2018. A frail 95-year-old man with severe Alzheimer’s disease was treated with debridement and ivermectin, which the authors called an effective therapy [22].
2022. Two men in vulnerable situations, one with larvae in the gum ridge after a tooth extraction and one with larvae along the edges of an inflamed overgrowth of tissue (inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia), were both treated with ivermectin and antibiotics [6].
2024. A 62-year-old woman with advanced mouth cancer (oral squamous cell carcinoma), receiving chemotherapy aimed at relieving symptoms, had an extensive wound of dead tissue under the chin and jaw infested with live larvae. Treatment combined removal over three sessions with ivermectin. Once all the larvae were gone, she was referred to plastic surgery for reconstruction [29].

In cancer wounds

A 2025 prospective observational study followed 10 patients with advanced head and neck cancer who had maggots in a wound, the scalp, the mouth or a nostril. All were given albendazole (400 mg once a day), ivermectin 12 mg tablets, two antibiotics (amoxicillin with clavulanate, and metronidazole) and turpentine-oil dressings three times a day, for five days. Wound scores and related symptoms improved significantly on days 1, 3, 5 and 7, except bleeding, swelling, nausea, anxiety, loss of appetite and sense of well-being, which were unchanged on day 1 and improved afterwards. Side effects were self-limiting, and the authors noted that more comprehensive studies are required [28].

A 2026 review highlights a “triple therapy” of oral ivermectin, albendazole and the antibiotic clindamycin. It cites a single-centre prospective cohort that reported a reduction of more than 90% in the number of larvae by day 3, together with better pain and odour control [12].

Oral Myiasis in Children

A 2022 systematic review found 68 cases of oral myiasis in children aged 2 to 16, reported in 32 studies. Most involved the gums at the front of the upper jaw and the palate. The review describes cases in children as scarce but debilitating [1]. The 12-year-old boy with cerebral palsy is described in the ivermectin section above. Other reports:

Egypt, 2013. Thirteen cases, ten of them in children, were reported as the first in Egypt (the flies are listed above). The predisposing factors were mouth breathing, lips that could not close, poverty, malnutrition and a child’s inability to carry out daily activities because of a neurodegenerative disease [15].
A five-year-old girl, 2008. She had a swelling on the hard palate with intense pain and a foul smell. Poor oral hygiene, lips that could not close, an open bite (upper and lower front teeth that stay apart when the jaw closes) and living in a rural area were named as predisposing factors. Treatment was removal of the larvae by hand and antimicrobial medicines [11].
A 13-year-old boy in intensive care, 2020. He was in a children’s intensive care unit in Mexico with heart failure, anaemia, brain dysfunction caused by kidney failure (uraemic encephalopathy), high blood pressure and severe breathing difficulty. Ten days after admission, the paediatrician and the nurse noticed swelling of the gum lining above his upper teeth and fly larvae, later identified as the green bottle fly [17].
A five-month-old baby with leukaemia, 2021. The baby had acute myeloid leukaemia, a blood cancer. Lip swelling kept him from closing his mouth, and he had mouth ulcers and erosions, ten maggots in the mouth and one in the ear canal. After the maggots were removed and chemotherapy was given, his condition gradually improved. The authors described it as “the first neonatal oral myiasis case reported in China” [16].

Ivermectin in young children

At the time of a 2021 review, ivermectin was contraindicated (formally listed as not to be given) in children weighing less than 15 kilograms (about 33 pounds). The review gathered 1,088 such children who had been given ivermectin by mouth, for conditions including scabies, myiasis and worm infections. In all, 1.4% (15 of 1,088) had 18 adverse events, all mild and self-limiting, and no serious adverse events were reported. The authors concluded that the limited existing data suggest oral ivermectin is safe in these children, and that data from well-designed clinical trials are needed for further assurance [30].

Myiasis in Cancer and Hospital Patients

Cancers of the head and neck

A 2026 review describes myiasis in cancer wounds as a neglected but deeply distressing complication of advanced cancer, particularly of the head and neck. Head and neck cancer is especially common in low- and middle-income countries such as India, where patients often come for care late, when the cancer has already formed a large, open wound. These wounds, together with poverty, poor hygiene and physical weakness, give screwworm flies a fertile environment, and the infestation brings severe pain, a persistent smell, rapid wearing away of tissue and great psychological distress [12].

A 2022 scoping review (a broad survey of what has been published) found 56 patients with head and neck cancer and myiasis in 38 articles. Most were men (66%), the average age was 66.63 years, and most had squamous cell or basal cell cancers. The eyes, scalp, ears and mouth were the sites most often affected, and the larva most often reported was a Chrysomya species (13%). The authors wrote that the infestation can speed up the cancer’s progress and make it more deadly through local or bodywide complications [23].

Hospital-acquired myiasis

Myiasis that begins after a patient is admitted to hospital is called nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, myiasis, and it is rare [14]. A 2026 report described an 89-year-old woman in hospital in northeastern Iran with oral myiasis from the Old World screwworm. The authors found that most hospital-acquired cases in Iran involved the throat and nose and occurred mainly in intensive care patients [14]. The authors of the report on the 13-year-old boy in intensive care describe preventing hospital-acquired myiasis as an essential part of every hospital’s infection-control programme [17], and the 2026 structured review notes that oral myiasis can be life-threatening in critically ill patients [2].

Complications and Warning Signs

Destruction of healthy tissue. The larvae are voracious and destroy healthy tissue [4][7]. Lesions have burrowed into the hard palate [13], and one woman was referred for reconstruction of a wound under the chin and jaw once the larvae were gone [29].
Serious bleeding. The larvae may cause serious haemorrhage, and the condition can be life-threatening [4].
A blocked airway. A 75-year-old man with epilepsy, from a rural area of Ecuador, reached a public health centre struggling to breathe, with a bluish tinge to his hands and feet (peripheral cyanosis) and reduced consciousness (a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 9 out of 15, where 15 is fully alert). His mouth had a foul smell, bloody secretions and extensive larvae in the gums, lower lip, tongue and soft palate. More than 300 larvae were removed by hand. Despite oxygen and fluids, he died about 8 hours after admission; the authors judged that the rapid decline was probably due to blockage of the airway as larvae migrated toward the throat [5].
Death from bodywide complications. A debilitated older man had 110 New World screwworm maggots removed from his mouth in two procedures; the infestation involved soft tissue and a sinus cavity. He died two days after the second procedure from severe systemic complications [25].
Danger to the critically ill. Oral myiasis can be life-threatening in critically ill patients [2], and a 2004 report calls it “a risk to the patient’s life” [26].
Harm beyond the mouth. A 2024 report notes that myiasis in general can cause deafness, blindness, extensive tissue loss and even death [29]. In head and neck cancer, it can speed up the cancer’s progress and make it more deadly [23].

Many reported cases ended well. The 2018 review found a good prognosis of cure in older adults when there were no systemic complications [22], and in the 2003 periodontitis case the gum tissues were healing normally one week after the larvae were removed [10].

Signs described in the most severe cases

The most severe and fatal cases featured difficulty breathing, a bluish tinge to the skin, reduced consciousness, larvae spreading toward the throat and bleeding from the mouth [5][4]; larvae burrowing into the palate [13] or involving a sinus [25]; and malnutrition, dehydration and extreme weakness [27].

Prevention as Described in the Reviews

The reviews and case reports describe prevention in terms of flies, hygiene and care for people who cannot look after themselves:

Fewer flies: decreasing the number of flies [1] and controlling fly populations [11].
Hygiene: good hygiene [1] and general cleanliness, including reducing the smells of decay [11].
Clean, covered wounds: cleaning and covering wounds [11], and wound hygiene for people with mouth cancer [29].
Education of susceptible people [1], of people at risk and health workers [29], and of the public about the higher risk for people living without basic sanitation [11]. A 2006 report adds that prevention through education is limited where people live in poor social conditions [21].
Attention to vulnerable patients: special attention to debilitated older patients, who are particularly susceptible [25], and to the general health of anyone found with oral myiasis [6].
Hospital infection control, with education of medical staff, hospital protocols and better general sanitation [17].

Key Research Papers

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Monsalves N, Estrada F, Venegas J. Oral Myiasis: A Structured Review of Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment. Cureus. 2026;18(9):e116137. PubMed PMID: 42733919
Dos Passos JBS, Coelho LV, de Arruda JAA, Silva LVO, do Valle IB, Santos MS, et al. Oral myiasis: Analysis of cases reported in the English literature from 1990 to 2020. Spec Care Dentist. 2021;41(1):20-31. PubMed PMID: 33125723
Duque FL, Ardila CM. Oral myiasis caused by the screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax treated with subcutaneous ivermectin and creolin: report of six cases after trauma. Dent Traumatol. 2011;27(5):404-7. PubMed PMID: 21535400
Calvopiña M, Jordan-Guarnizo E, Galeas C, Rodriguez-Hidalgo R. Severe Oral Myiasis in an Elderly Man with Epilepsy Caused by the New World Screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) in Subtropical Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2026;114(6):1180-1183. PubMed PMID: 41980547
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Zachariah JE, Sehgal K, Dixit UB, Bhatia R. Oral myiasis: a case report. Spec Care Dentist. 2014;34(1):51-3. PubMed PMID: 24382372
Hassona Y, Scully C, Aguida M, de Almeida OP. Flies and the mouth. J Investig Clin Dent. 2014;5(2):98-103. PubMed PMID: 24574273
Lima Júnior SM, Asprino L, Prado AP, Moreira RW, de Moraes M. Oral myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax treated nonsurgically with nitrofurazone: report of 2 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;109(3):e70-3. PubMed PMID: 20219589
Gomez RS, Perdigão PF, Pimenta FJ, Rios Leite AC, Tanos de Lacerda JC, Custódio Neto AL. Oral myiasis by screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;41(2):115-6. PubMed PMID: 12694705
de Souza Barbosa T, Salvitti Sá Rocha RA, Guirado CG, Rocha FJ, Duarte Gavião MB. Oral infection by Diptera larvae in children: a case report. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47(7):696-9. PubMed PMID: 18613876
Gupta AK. Management of myiasis in advanced head and neck cancers: a comprehensive review. Support Care Cancer. 2026;34(6). PubMed PMID: 42133099
Kumar GV, Sowmya G, Shivananda S. Chrysomya bezziana oral myiasis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011;3(4):393-5. PubMed PMID: 22224006
Mirbadie SR, Mohaghegh MA, Skandary F, Soleymani E, Nikbin F, Sazmand A. Nosocomial oral myiasis caused by Chrysomya bezziana in Iran: A new case and review of human myiasis in the country. IDCases. 2026;43:e02497. PubMed PMID: 41631118
Abosdera MM, Morsy TA. Oral cavity myiasis in children: first demonstration in Egypt with general review. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2013;43(3):737-46. PubMed PMID: 24640873
Zhou M, Cao K, Huang H, Luo X, Wang Y, Ma W, et al. Neonatal oral myiasis caused by the larvae of Sarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1067. PubMed PMID: 34654380
Martínez-Rojano H, Huerta H, Hernández-Triana LM, Ruiz Pérez EF, Sámano R. Nosocomial Myiasis Caused by Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a Pediatric Patient in Mexico. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2020;2020:1285459. PubMed PMID: 32082658
Lorusso F, Alla I, Tari SR, Gehrke SA, Scarano A. Oral cavity myiasis and mouth parasitic infestations: A systematic review. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2025;126(5S):102425. PubMed PMID: 40505774
Novo-Neto JP, Dos Santos Fde S, Pontes AE, Ribeiro FS, Scannavino FL, Martins AT. Oral Myiasis Caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in a Disabled Person. Case Rep Pathol. 2015;2015:904658. PubMed PMID: 26266071
Vasanthakumar V, Varalakshmi PR, Vanmathi R. Oral Myiasis of Maxilla (Palatal Gingiva). Contemp Clin Dent. 2020;11(2):162-164. PubMed PMID: 33110330
Abdo EN, Sette-Dias AC, Comunian CR, Dutra CE, Aguiar EG. Oral myiasis: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2006;11(2):E130-1. PubMed PMID: 16505789
Filho AO, Dias D, Miranda Á, Hebling E. Oral myiasis in older adult with severe Alzheimer's disease. Spec Care Dentist. 2018;38(2):99-106. PubMed PMID: 29505667
Gonçalves KKN, de Araújo ESM, Barbirato DS, do Lago CAP, do Egito Vasconcelos BC. Head and neck cancer associated with myiasis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022;51(7):847-853. PubMed PMID: 34602319
Sangalette BS, Bortoloto JGP, Pavoni RF, Cappellari VI, Capelari MM, Shinohara AL, et al. Treatment of oral myiasis in a patient with implant-supported fixed prosthesis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2023;65:e27. PubMed PMID: 37075334
Ribeiro MC, Pepato Ade O, De Matos FP, Sverzut CE, Abrahão AA, Trivellato AE. Oral myiasis in an elderly patient. Gerodontology. 2012;29(2):e1136-9. PubMed PMID: 21029155
Shinohara EH, Martini MZ, de Oliveira Neto HG, Takahashi A. Oral myiasis treated with ivermectin: case report. Braz Dent J. 2004;15(1):79-81. PubMed PMID: 15322651
Laureano Filho JR, Bezerra TP, Lima FT, Campelo RI. Extensive oral lesion colonized with 601 myiasis larvae. Trop Doct. 2011;41(1):61-2. PubMed PMID: 21109606
Mishra V, Saifi AM, Mitra P, Agarwal A, Meharchandani M. Management of Malignant Wound Myiasis in Advanced Head‑and‑Neck Cancer Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025;77(3):1449-1453. PubMed PMID: 40093442
Khan HZ, Shahid SA, Bakht N, Zaidi SSN. Myiasis Encountered in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity: A Case Report. Cureus. 2024;16(6):e62414. PubMed PMID: 39011201
Jittamala P, Monteiro W, Smit MR, Pedrique B, Specht S, Chaccour CJ, et al. A systematic review and an individual patient data meta-analysis of ivermectin use in children weighing less than fifteen kilograms: Is it time to reconsider the current contraindication? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(3):e0009144. PubMed PMID: 33730099

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