Addison's Disease

What is Addison's Disease?

Addison's Disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and, in some cases, aldosterone. These hormones are vital for various bodily functions, including stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure regulation.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Autoimmune response: The most common cause, where the immune system attacks the adrenal glands.
• Infections: Such as tuberculosis or other infections that can damage the adrenal glands.
• Genetic disorders: Conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
• Adrenal gland cancer: Tumors affecting adrenal function.

Symptoms of Addison's Disease

Common symptoms include:

• Chronic fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Unintentional weight loss
• Low blood pressure, sometimes leading to fainting
• Darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation), especially on scars and skin creases
• Salt craving
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnosis typically involves:

• Blood tests: To measure cortisol, sodium, potassium, and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) levels.
• ACTH stimulation test: Checks how the adrenal glands respond to ACTH.
• Imaging tests: Such as CT scans of the adrenal glands or pituitary gland if needed.

Treatment Options

• Hormone replacement therapy: To replace missing cortisol and, if necessary, aldosterone.
• Emergency hydrocortisone injection: For times of significant stress, such as surgery or severe illness.
• Regular monitoring: To adjust hormone levels as needed and manage symptoms.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, individuals with Addison's disease can lead normal lives, but they require lifelong hormone therapy and periodic health monitoring.