Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)

Table of Contents

1. What Dry Mouth Is
2. What Saliva Does
3. Causes and Risk Factors
4. Symptoms
5. How Dry Mouth Is Diagnosed
6. Treatment
7. Prevention and Daily Measures
8. Dry Mouth After Head and Neck Radiation
9. Dry Mouth and Sjögren’s Syndrome
10. Complications
11. Warning Signs and Urgent Signs
12. Key Research Papers
13. Connections
14. Featured Videos

What Dry Mouth Is

Two words are used for two slightly different things, and the difference matters:

• Xerostomia is the feeling of a dry mouth — what the person notices and reports.
• Hyposalivation (also called salivary gland hypofunction) is an actual, measured drop in the amount of saliva the glands produce.

The two usually go together, but not always. A review in the Journal of the American Dental Association notes that dry-mouth symptoms can occur without any measurable drop in gland output, and a review of radiation-induced dry mouth found that the complaint of dryness is poorly correlated with objective measurements of gland function. So one person can feel very dry with near-normal flow, and another can have low flow and notice little.

Saliva comes from three pairs of large glands — the parotid glands (in front of the ears), the submandibular glands (under the jaw) and the sublingual glands (under the tongue) — plus hundreds of tiny minor glands lining the lips, cheeks and palate. Saliva is made by clusters of secretory cells called acinar cells. Anything that blocks the nerve signal telling these cells to secrete (many medicines do this), or that damages or destroys the cells themselves (radiation, autoimmune attack), reduces the flow.

Reviews put the share of the population with xerostomia anywhere from 1% to 29%, depending on how it is measured, with women affected more often than men. It is especially common in older people — largely because they take more medicines — and in people with advanced illness.

What Saliva Does

Most people never think about saliva until it is gone. An adult normally makes somewhere around half a litre to a litre and a half a day, most of it while eating. It does several jobs at once:

• Neutralises acid. Bacteria in plaque turn sugar into acid, and many drinks are acidic. A 2023 systematic review on dental erosion describes saliva as protecting the teeth by neutralising and removing acids, both from food and drink and from the stomach.
• Repairs early enamel damage. The same review notes that saliva provides the mineral building blocks for remineralisation — the natural re-hardening of enamel after an acid attack.
• Forms a protective film. Proteins in saliva coat the teeth in a thin layer (the acquired pellicle) that slows acid from reaching the enamel.
• Rinses. A steady flow washes food particles and bacteria off the teeth and down the throat.
• Lubricates. Saliva lets the tongue and cheeks glide, turns food into a soft lump that can be swallowed, and makes clear speech possible.
• Fights microbes. Saliva carries antibacterial and antifungal proteins that help keep the mouth’s microbial community, including Candida yeast, in balance.
• Helps taste. Food has to dissolve in saliva before taste buds can detect it.

Every complication of dry mouth on this page is one of these jobs going undone.

Causes and Risk Factors

Medicines — the most common cause

A review in the Journal of the American Dental Association states that the most frequently reported cause of xerostomia is the use of medicines that dry the mouth. The JAMA review found that taking more than 3 oral medicines a day was linked with dry mouth (odds ratio 2.9 — that is, roughly three times the odds).

The largest systematic list comes from the World Workshop on Oral Medicine, which screened 3,867 records and identified 56 substances with a higher level of evidence and 50 with a moderate level of evidence of causing salivary gland dysfunction or dry mouth. These drugs came from 9 of the 14 main anatomical groups of the international drug classification — mainly medicines acting on the digestive, cardiovascular, urinary-genital, nervous and respiratory systems. Common groups linked with dry mouth in the dental literature include:

• Antidepressants (especially older tricyclic types) and some antipsychotics
• Antihistamines and decongestants used for allergy and colds
• Bladder medicines for overactive bladder (anticholinergics)
• Some blood-pressure medicines, including diuretics (“water pills”)
• Some pain medicines, including opioids, and some muscle relaxants
• Inhaled medicines for asthma and chronic lung disease

Many of these work by blocking acetylcholine, the nerve signal that tells salivary glands to secrete — which is why dry mouth is one of the most frequent side effects in medicine. The effect often adds up: two or three moderately drying medicines together can produce a severely dry mouth.

Radiation treatment for head and neck cancer

Radiation aimed at cancers of the mouth, throat and neck passes through the salivary glands. A 2019 review in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs calls salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia the most manifest long-term consequences of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer. This is covered in its own section below.

Sjögren’s syndrome and other autoimmune disease

In Sjögren’s syndrome the immune system attacks the glands that make saliva and tears. It can occur on its own or alongside rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and related connective-tissue diseases. See the Sjögren’s section.

Other causes

• Dehydration — from heat, vomiting, diarrhoea, fever or not drinking enough.
• Mouth breathing and snoring, often worse at night, and a blocked nose.
• Uncontrolled diabetes, which causes thirst and fluid loss through the urine.
• Local disease of the salivary glands — infections, tumours and blockage of the salivary ducts (for example by stones) are less common causes.
• Smoking, cannabis, alcohol and heavy caffeine, all of which are associated with a drier mouth.
• Anxiety — the “dry mouth” of nerves is the same nerve signal running in reverse.
• Acid reflux (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease), which is also linked with dry mouth.
• Chemotherapy and some cancer drugs, usually temporarily.

Age

Healthy ageing by itself reduces salivary flow only modestly. Most of the dry mouth seen in older people comes from the medicines and illnesses that build up with age — which is why the problem is common in later life and why it is so often overlooked as “just getting older”.

Symptoms

The JAMA review lists difficulty swallowing and speaking, thirst and bad breath among the main symptoms. A review of xerostomia of various causes describes the core signs as the sensation of a dry mouth, problems eating, and dryness of the lining of the mouth and of the skin. In everyday terms, people describe:

• A sticky, dry or “cotton” feeling in the mouth, often worst at night or on waking.
• Needing to sip water to swallow dry foods such as bread or crackers.
• Thick, stringy or foamy saliva.
• A tongue that sticks to the roof of the mouth; a red, smooth, cracked or furrowed tongue.
• Cracked lips and sore corners of the mouth.
• Burning or soreness of the tongue or mouth, especially with spicy or acidic food.
• Changes in taste — food tastes flat, metallic or different.
• Hoarseness or a voice that tires, since the voice also depends on moist tissues.
• Bad breath (see Halitosis).
• Dentures that rub, slip or will not stay in.
• Waking at night to drink, then needing the toilet.

Dry mouth often comes with dry eyes. That combination — gritty, burning, dry eyes plus a dry mouth — is the classic pattern of Sjögren’s syndrome.

How Dry Mouth Is Diagnosed

Questions and examination

Diagnosis starts with a structured interview — one review mentions a short set of questions known as the Fox test, which asks, for example, whether the mouth feels dry at mealtimes, whether swallowing is difficult, and whether liquids are needed to swallow dry food. The full medicine list, including over-the-counter products, is usually the single most revealing part of the history.

On examination, dentists look for signs that the mouth is dry: a mirror that sticks to the cheek, no pool of saliva under the tongue, a dry, shiny or fissured tongue, frothy saliva, decay at the gum line or on the biting edges of teeth, and signs of thrush.

Measuring saliva (sialometry)

Because the feeling of dryness and the actual flow do not always match, the flow can be measured directly. A practice guideline in the Journal of the American Dental Association sets out step-by-step methods for collecting unstimulated whole saliva (the person sits quietly and lets saliva drain into a tube for a set number of minutes) and stimulated whole saliva (collected while chewing a piece of wax or similar). The amount per minute is then compared with expected values. The same authors point out that the main weakness of saliva testing is the lack of a standard collection method, and that as people live longer, salivary hypofunction in older people will become more common.

Looking for the cause

Depending on the picture, further tests may include:

• Blood tests for autoantibodies (such as anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB) when Sjögren’s syndrome is suspected, plus blood sugar for diabetes.
• An eye test for tear production.
• A minor salivary gland biopsy from the inner lip, which can show the immune-cell clusters typical of Sjögren’s.
• Ultrasound or other imaging of the large glands for stones, blockages or masses.

Treatment

Reviews are consistent on one point: for most people, treatment is palliative — it relieves the dryness and protects the teeth, but it does not restore the damaged glands. A 2016 review states plainly that only palliative treatment is available at present. Treatment is usually described in layers.

1. Addressing the cause

The World Workshop review lists substitution or discontinuation of medicines whenever possible as the first management strategy for medicine-induced dry mouth. In practice prescribers sometimes switch to a less drying drug in the same class, lower the dose, or change the timing (for example taking a drying medicine in the morning rather than at night). Treating dehydration, a blocked nose or uncontrolled diabetes also helps where these are the cause.

2. Stimulating the glands that still work

When some gland tissue remains, chewing and taste stimulate it:

• Sugar-free chewing gum and sugar-free lozenges or sweets. The international cancer-care guideline (MASCC/ISOO/ASCO, 2021) lists sugar-free lozenges and chewing gum among the interventions for patients who develop dry mouth, and the JAMA review describes “mechanical salivary stimulants” as part of first-line care. Sugar-free matters: sugary sweets in a dry mouth feed decay.
• Sour tastes such as malic acid sprays, which one review lists among the agents that ease symptoms. Acidic products carry a trade-off on teeth that are already vulnerable to erosion.

3. Replacing moisture

• Saliva substitutes — gels, sprays and rinses, often based on carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan gum, hyaluronic acid or similar thickeners.
• Topical mucosal lubricants and oral moisturisers.

The MASCC/ISOO/ASCO guideline found intermediate-quality evidence supporting topical mucosal lubricants, saliva substitutes and agents that stimulate the salivary reflex. Their effect lasts only as long as they stay in the mouth, so they are used repeatedly through the day and often at the bedside.

4. Prescription medicines that increase saliva (sialagogues)

Pilocarpine and cevimeline are tablets that act like acetylcholine on the salivary glands, pushing them to secrete. They only work if there is residual gland tissue to stimulate — a 1997 review of radiation-induced dry mouth notes that effectiveness requires residual salivary function and that, in patients with residual function, oral pilocarpine increases salivary flow and improves symptoms. The same drugs stimulate sweat glands and other glands, so sweating, a runny nose, flushing and needing to urinate more often are their best-known side effects; they are not used in people with certain eye conditions, uncontrolled asthma or some heart conditions.

• The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) 2019 recommendations for Sjögren’s syndrome include saliva substitutes and the oral muscarinic agonists pilocarpine and cevimeline among the therapies for dryness.
• The MASCC/ISOO/ASCO guideline states that oral pilocarpine and oral cevimeline may be offered after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.
• A small 2024 randomised, double-blind crossover trial in 20 patients with radiation-induced dry mouth found that taking pilocarpine only as needed significantly reduced dry-mouth scores compared with placebo; only one participant withdrew because of side effects.

5. Protecting the teeth

Because the biggest long-term cost of dry mouth is tooth decay, dental care for people with dry mouth centres on keeping the teeth: more frequent check-ups, careful cleaning between teeth, cutting down on sugary and acidic snacks and drinks between meals, and treating early decay before it spreads. Dental guidelines for high-risk patients, including those with dry mouth, use high-concentration fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish or fluoride trays to slow decay; the site’s Fluoride section covers the safety debate and the question of informed consent. Non-fluoride options used in dentistry include calcium-phosphate pastes and xylitol-sweetened gum.

6. Other approaches

• Acupuncture — studied mainly after radiation; see below.
• Electrostimulation — small devices that stimulate the nerves to the glands; the World Workshop review lists electro-stimulating devices among management strategies.
• Stem-cell and gene therapy — reviews describe these as promising research directions for regrowing damaged gland tissue; they are not routine treatment.

Prevention and Daily Measures

Dry mouth cannot always be prevented — a needed medicine or cancer treatment may be unavoidable — but the damage it does to the teeth and mouth can often be limited. Measures that people with dry mouth commonly use include:

• Frequent sips of water through the day and with meals; water rather than sweetened or acidic drinks.
• Moist, whole foods — soups, stews, cooked vegetables, fruit with a high water content, and foods taken with a sauce or broth are easier to chew and swallow than dry, crumbly, highly processed snacks.
• Sugar-free gum or lozenges to stimulate flow, as noted above.
• A humidifier in the bedroom for night-time dryness, and nasal breathing where possible.
• Limiting alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and caffeine, all of which dry the mouth.
• Alcohol-free mouth rinses — rinses containing alcohol can sting and further dry a mouth that is already dry.
• Lip balm for cracked lips.
• Denture care — dentures out at night, cleaned daily, since dry mouth and dentures together favour thrush.
• Regular dental check-ups, because decay can move quickly in a dry mouth.

Diet also matters in a quieter way: people with a dry mouth tend to reach for soft, sweet foods and drinks that are easy to swallow, which is exactly what drives decay in a mouth with little saliva.

Dry Mouth After Head and Neck Radiation

For people treated for head and neck cancer, dry mouth is often the side effect that lasts longest and affects daily life most. A 1997 review describes the hallmarks of radiation damage as loss (atrophy) of the secretory cells and chronic inflammation of the salivary glands. Unlike medicine-induced dryness, this damage is frequently permanent.

Prevention starts at the planning stage

The most effective protection is technical. The MASCC/ISOO/ASCO guideline found high-quality evidence for tissue-sparing radiation methods — ways of shaping the beam so that it delivers less dose to the salivary glands — and evidence that is weaker or insufficient for other preventive interventions. The 2019 review in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs identifies intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and its next step, proton therapy, as having the greatest potential for permanently preserving salivary function.

Other preventive options that the guideline says may be offered during radiation include bethanechol (a drug that stimulates the glands) and acupuncture. A 2016 meta-analysis of 6 randomised trials (369 patients on pilocarpine, 367 controls) found that giving pilocarpine during radiation increased unstimulated salivary flow 3 to 6 months later and reduced clinician-rated dryness; patient-reported dryness was not better in the first 3 months but was better at 6 months, and pilocarpine had no effect on stimulated flow. Side effects were described as mild and tolerable.

Acupuncture after radiation

• The largest trial so far, a 2024 multicentre randomised trial of 258 patients across 33 US sites, compared true acupuncture, sham (fake) acupuncture and standard oral hygiene in people with dry mouth one year or more after radiation. At 4 weeks, dry-mouth questionnaire scores were lower with true acupuncture than with standard oral hygiene (difference −6.67 points) and than with sham acupuncture (difference −4.41 points), but these differences did not reach statistical significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Quality-of-life scores were higher with true acupuncture at weeks 4 and 12. The authors concluded that true acupuncture was more effective than sham or standard care.
• A 2020 meta-analysis of 8 trials (725 participants) found acupuncture improved dry-mouth symptoms compared with sham acupuncture, but did not significantly change measured salivary flow; all included trials had a high risk of bias and the overall quality of evidence was rated low.

Why some patients recover more flow than others

The amount of saliva that returns depends on how much radiation each gland received and how much living gland tissue remains. Pilocarpine and other stimulants need that remaining tissue to work; where none is left, moisture replacement is the only option — the point made by the 1997 review, which states that saliva substitutes are the only option for patients without residual salivary function.

Teeth after radiation

Radiation-related dry mouth can lead to rapid, widespread decay (sometimes called radiation caries), and jaw bone that has been irradiated heals poorly after extractions. This is why cancer centres usually arrange a full dental assessment, and any necessary extractions, before radiation begins, and close dental follow-up afterwards.

Dry Mouth and Sjögren’s Syndrome

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease in which immune cells infiltrate the glands that make tears and saliva, causing dryness of the eyes and mouth. A 2022 review describes it as a systemic disease: besides dryness, it can involve almost any organ system, and its severity varies greatly from person to person. It is called primary when it occurs alone and secondary when it accompanies another autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

A review focused on older adults states that studies have suggested Sjögren’s syndrome underlies approximately 40% of xerostomia in the elderly, and that it remains one of the most underdiagnosed conditions, because its dryness is often blamed on age or medicines, delaying the diagnosis. Over time, the secretory cells in affected glands are replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis), leaving glands that no longer work.

Signs that point towards Sjögren’s rather than a simple medicine effect include dry eyes as well as a dry mouth, swelling of the parotid glands in front of the ears, joint pain, fatigue, and dryness elsewhere (skin, nose, vagina).

Treatment of the dryness follows the same layers described above. The EULAR 2019 recommendations for Sjögren’s cover topical oral therapies (saliva substitutes), ocular therapies, the oral muscarinic agonists pilocarpine and cevimeline, and — for disease beyond the glands — drugs that act on the immune system. The task force rated the levels of evidence as mostly modest.

People with Sjögren’s have a higher risk of lymphoma (a cancer of the lymph glands) than the general population. A persistent, firm, one-sided swelling of a salivary gland is one of the signs specialists watch for.

Complications

• Tooth decay. The Journal of the American Dental Association review lists dental caries first among the complications of xerostomia. Decay in a dry mouth often appears in unusual places — along the gum line, on root surfaces and on the biting edges — and can progress quickly. See Tooth Decay.
• Acid wear of the teeth. With less saliva to neutralise acid and supply minerals, enamel is more easily dissolved by acidic food, drink and reflux. See Dental Erosion.
• Oral thrush. The JAMA review reports that dry mouth is associated with an 11.5% higher risk of oral candidiasis, based on a meta-analysis of 6 observational cohorts, and that salivary gland hypofunction carries an odds ratio of 3.02 for candidiasis. See Oral Thrush.
• Problems with dentures. A 2021 systematic review found that 6 of 9 studies showed xerostomia was significantly associated with poorer performance of removable dentures, affecting speaking, chewing and retention in both complete and partial denture wearers.
• Difficulty chewing, swallowing and speaking, which the JAMA review describes as masticatory and speech impairment and oropharyngeal dysphagia (difficulty moving food from the mouth into the throat).
• Poor nutrition and weight loss when eating becomes hard work, especially in older and seriously ill people.
• Gum disease and bad breath, as the rinsing and antimicrobial effects of saliva are lost. See Gum Disease and Halitosis.
• Salivary gland infection (sialadenitis), when slow-moving saliva lets bacteria travel up the ducts.
• Sleep disruption from waking to drink.
• Reduced quality of life and low mood. A 2016 review states that untreated xerostomia significantly impairs quality of life and can potentially lead to depression. Dry mouth is also very common in people with advanced illness, where it is easily overlooked.

Warning Signs and Urgent Signs

Signs that point to a dry mouth worth investigating

• Needing water to swallow ordinary food, or waking at night to drink.
• New cavities despite good brushing, especially at the gum line.
• Dryness that began after a new medicine or a dose increase.
• Dry eyes as well as a dry mouth, joint pain or unexplained fatigue — the pattern of Sjögren’s syndrome.
• Thirst with frequent urination and weight loss — a pattern of high blood sugar.
• White patches that wipe off, or redness and burning under a denture — possible thrush.
• Dentures that no longer stay in or keep causing sores.

Signs that are urgent

• A painful, swollen salivary gland (in front of the ear or under the jaw) with fever, redness or pus inside the mouth is a sign of salivary gland infection, which can spread if untreated.
• Swelling that spreads to the floor of the mouth or the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, or high fever with a mouth infection are signs of a spreading infection, which can be life-threatening.
• A very dry mouth with dizziness, confusion, very little or very dark urine, or a racing heart is a sign of significant dehydration, which is dangerous, particularly in older adults and children.
• Inability to swallow food or liquids, choking or coughing when eating, or rapid weight loss.
• A lump, a persistent firm swelling of a salivary gland, or a mouth sore that has not healed within about 3 weeks — these are among the signs examined for oral cancer and, in people with Sjögren’s, for lymphoma.

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Key Research Papers

1. Stoopler ET, Villa A, Bindakhil M, Díaz DLO, Sollecito TP. Common Oral Conditions: A Review. JAMA. 2024;331(12):1045-1054. PubMed PMID: 38530258
2. Tanasiewicz M, Hildebrandt T, Obersztyn I. Xerostomia of Various Etiologies: A Review of the Literature. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2016;25(1):199-206. PubMed PMID: 26935515
3. Guggenheimer J, Moore PA. Xerostomia: etiology, recognition and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134(1):61-9. PubMed PMID: 12555958
4. Wolff A, Joshi RK, Ekström J, Aframian D, Pedersen AM, Proctor G, et al. A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Drugs R D. 2017;17(1):1-28. PubMed PMID: 27853957
5. Watanapokasin N, Rawangban W, Tangjaturonrasme N. As-Needed Pilocarpine for Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancers. Laryngoscope. 2024;134(11):4542-4548. PubMed PMID: 38813852
6. Dipalma G, Inchingolo F, Patano A, Guglielmo M, Palumbo I, Campanelli M, et al. Dental erosion and the role of saliva: a systematic review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(21):10651-10660. PubMed PMID: 37975390
7. Navazesh M, Kumar SK. Measuring salivary flow: challenges and opportunities. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139 Suppl:35S-40S. PubMed PMID: 18460678
8. Mercadante V, Jensen SB, Smith DK, Bohlke K, Bauman J, Brennan MT, et al. Salivary Gland Hypofunction and/or Xerostomia Induced by Nonsurgical Cancer Therapies: ISOO/MASCC/ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(25):2825-2843. PubMed PMID: 34283635
9. Jensen SB, Vissink A, Limesand KH, Reyland ME. Salivary Gland Hypofunction and Xerostomia in Head and Neck Radiation Patients. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2019;2019(53):lgz016. PubMed PMID: 31425600
10. Guchelaar HJ, Vermes A, Meerwaldt JH. Radiation-induced xerostomia: pathophysiology, clinical course and supportive treatment. Support Care Cancer. 1997;5(4):281-8. PubMed PMID: 9257424
11. Yang WF, Liao GQ, Hakim SG, Ouyang DQ, Ringash J, Su YX. Is Pilocarpine Effective in Preventing Radiation-Induced Xerostomia? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;94(3):503-11. PubMed PMID: 26867879
12. Cohen L, Danhauer SC, Garcia MK, Dressler EV, Rosenthal DI, Chambers MS, et al. Acupuncture for Chronic Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancer: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(5):e2410421. PubMed PMID: 38739392
13. Ni X, Tian T, Chen D, Liu L, Li X, Li F, et al. Acupuncture for Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Integr Cancer Ther. 2020;19:1534735420980825. PubMed PMID: 33307864
14. Al-Hashimi I. Xerostomia secondary to Sjögren’s syndrome in the elderly: recognition and management. Drugs Aging. 2005;22(11):887-99. PubMed PMID: 16323968
15. Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Bombardieri S, Bootsma H, De Vita S, Dörner T, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of Sjögren’s syndrome with topical and systemic therapies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(1):3-18. PubMed PMID: 31672775
16. Tanaka A, Kellesarian SV, Arany S. Xerostomia and patients’ satisfaction with removable denture performance: systematic review. Quintessence Int. 2021;52(1):46-55. PubMed PMID: 33118000

PubMed Topic Searches

1. PubMed: medication-induced xerostomia
2. PubMed: treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia
3. PubMed: xerostomia management in Sjögren’s syndrome
4. PubMed: saliva substitutes for xerostomia
5. PubMed: hyposalivation and dental caries

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Connections

• Dentistry & Oral Health
• Tooth Decay (Dental Caries)
• Oral Thrush (Oral Candidiasis)
• Dental Erosion (Acid Wear of the Teeth)
• Halitosis (Chronic Bad Breath)
• Gum Disease
• Oral Microbiome
• Oral Cancer
• Tooth Sensitivity (Dentin Hypersensitivity)
• Sjögren’s Syndrome
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Head and Neck Cancer
• Acupuncture
• Fluoride

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